Exam question 2 · Weather, storms and the changing climate

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the distinction between weather and climate?

Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 3 · right ✓ · What happens: follow, characteris · To what, where: distinction

This is exam question 2 of lesson 23 «Weather, storms and the changing climate» of the geography course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 distinction	det
10	distinction	distinction	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
11	between	between	ADP	_	12 weather	case
12	weather	weather	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 distinction	nmod
13	and	and	CCONJ	_	14 climate	cc
14	climate	climate	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 weather	conj
15	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund							vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present		the distinction				of the following statements; between weather and climate; accurately property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

Climate denotes present conditions; weather denotes their average over several centuries

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Climate	climate	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 denotes	nsubj
2	denotes	denote	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	present	present	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 conditions	amod
4	conditions	condition	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 denotes	obj
5	;	;	PUNCT	_	7 denotes	punct
6	weather	weather	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 denotes	nsubj
7	denotes	denote	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 denotes	conj
8	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	9 average	nmod:poss
9	average	average	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 denotes	obj
10	over	over	ADP	_	12 centuries	case
11	several	several	ADJ	Degree=Pos	12 centuries	amod
12	centuries	century	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 denotes	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	when	roles by
1	denote	present	Climate	present conditions		vn indicate-78 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot condition=Topic
2	denote	present	weather	conditions's average	century	vn indicate-78 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot average=Topic
3	average		conditions = condition			nom average «cognition transitive»: poss=agent

Option 2

The two terms are entirely synonymous in scientific usage

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 terms	det
2	two	two	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	3 terms	nummod
3	terms	term	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 synonymous	nsubj
4	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 synonymous	cop
5	entirely	entirely	ADV	_	6 synonymous	advmod
6	synonymous	synonymous	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
7	in	in	ADP	_	9 usage	case
8	scientific	scientific	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 usage	amod
9	usage	usage	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 synonymous	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	the two terms			scientific usage		entirely, synonymous property	tree rules

Option 3 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Weather denotes present conditions; climate denotes their average over some thirty years

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Weather	weather	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 denotes	nsubj
2	denotes	denote	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	present	present	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 conditions	amod
4	conditions	condition	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 denotes	obj
5	;	;	PUNCT	_	7 denotes	punct
6	climate	climate	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 denotes	nsubj
7	denotes	denote	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 denotes	conj
8	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	9 average	nmod:poss
9	average	average	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 denotes	obj
10	over	over	ADP	_	13 years	case
11	some	some	DET	PronType=Ind	13 years	det
12	thirty	thirty	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	13 years	nummod
13	years	year	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 denotes	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	when	roles by
1	denote	present	Weather	present conditions		vn indicate-78 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot condition=Topic
2	denote	present	climate	conditions's average	year	vn indicate-78 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot average=Topic
3	average		conditions = condition			nom average «cognition transitive»: poss=agent

Option 4

Weather pertains solely to precipitation; climate solely to temperature

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Weather	weather	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 pertains	nsubj
2	pertains	pertain	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	solely	solely	ADV	_	2 pertains	advmod
4	to	to	ADP	_	5 precipitation	case
5	precipitation	precipitation	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 pertains	obl
6	;	;	PUNCT	_	2 pertains	punct
7	climate	climate	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 pertains	obj
8	solely	solely	ADV	_	10 temperature	advmod
9	to	to	ADP	_	10 temperature	case
10	temperature	temperature	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 pertains	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	pertain	present	Weather	climate				to precipitation; to temperature; solely property	tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/geography/23-weather-storms-and-the-changing-climate/e2/