Test 7 · ★★ · Weather, storms and the changing climate

How can a warmer world have both more droughts and heavier downpours?

Mova's choice: option 4 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: warmer world · What happens: have · To what, where: more droughts

This is test 7 · ★★ of lesson 23 «Weather, storms and the changing climate» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	How	how	ADV	PronType=Int	6 have	advmod
2	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	6 have	aux
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 world	det
4	warmer	warm	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	5 world	amod
5	world	world	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 have	nsubj
6	have	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
7	both	both	ADV	_	8 more	advmod
8	more	more	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	9 droughts	amod
9	droughts	drought	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 have	obj
10	and	and	CCONJ	_	12 downpours	cc
11	heavier	heavy	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	12 downpours	amod
12	downpours	downpour	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 droughts	conj
13	?	?	PUNCT	_	6 have	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	can	a warmer world	more droughts and heavier downpours					vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent drought=Patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

Droughts and floods both come from the world cooling down

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Droughts	drought	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 come	nsubj
2	and	and	CCONJ	_	3 floods	cc
3	floods	flood	NOUN	Number=Plur	1 Droughts	conj
4	both	both	ADV	_	5 come	advmod
5	come	come	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	from	from	ADP	_	8 world	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 world	det
8	world	world	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 come	obl
9	cooling	cool	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	5 come	advcl
10	down	down	ADV	_	9 cooling	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	come	present	Droughts and floods			the world		both property	vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme from world=Initial_Location
2	cool down	gerund	Droughts and floods not said here					down property	vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient

Option 2 · ✓ the right answer

Warm air dries the ground faster and also holds more water to rain out

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Warm	warm	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 air	amod
2	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 dries	nsubj
3	dries	dry	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 ground	det
5	ground	ground	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 dries	obj
6	faster	fast	ADV	Degree=Cmp	3 dries	advmod
7	and	and	CCONJ	_	9 holds	cc
8	also	also	ADV	_	9 holds	advmod
9	holds	hold	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 dries	conj
10	more	more	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	11 water	amod
11	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 holds	obj
12	to	to	PART	_	13 rain	mark
13	rain	rain	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 holds	xcomp
14	out	out	ADP	_	9 holds	compound:prt

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	dry	present	Warm air	the ground				fast property	vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Patient ground=Result
2	hold out	present	Warm air not said here	more water					vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent water=Theme

Option 3

Warming moves all the rain away to the poles

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Warming	warming	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 moves	nsubj
2	moves	move	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	5 rain	det:predet
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 rain	det
5	rain	rain	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 moves	obj
6	away	away	ADV	_	2 moves	advmod
7	to	to	ADP	_	9 poles	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 poles	det
9	poles	pole	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 moves	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	move	present	Warming	all rain		the poles		away property	vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent rain=Theme to pole=Trajectory

Option 4 · ← Mova's choice

Warming only causes floods, never droughts; the droughts come from elsewhere

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Warming	warm	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	3 causes	nsubj
2	only	only	ADV	_	3 causes	advmod
3	causes	cause	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	floods	flood	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 causes	obj
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	7 droughts	punct
6	never	never	ADV	PronType=Neg	7 droughts	advmod
7	droughts	drought	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 floods	conj
8	;	;	PUNCT	_	11 come	punct
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 droughts	det
10	droughts	drought	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 come	nsubj
11	come	come	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 causes	conj
12	from	from	ADP	_	13 elsewhere	case
13	elsewhere	elsewhere	ADV	_	11 come	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	roles by
1	warm	gerund			vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
2	cause	present		floods and droughts	vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition flood=Patient
3	come	present	the droughts		vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme from elsewhere=Initial_Location

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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