Exam question 3 · The Aztecs and the Inca

Select the response consistent with the established facts concerning the fall of the Aztec Empire.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 3 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: you, established facts · What happens: select, establish, concern · To what, where: response, fall

This is exam question 3 of lesson 19 «The Aztecs and the Inca» of the history course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Select	select	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 response	det
3	response	response	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Select	obj
4	consistent	consistent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Select	xcomp
5	with	with	ADP	_	8 facts	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 facts	det
7	established	establish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 facts	amod
8	facts	fact	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 consistent	obl
9	concerning	concern	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 facts	acl
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 fall	det
11	fall	fall	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 concerning	obj
12	of	of	ADP	_	15 Empire	case
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 Empire	det
14	Aztec	Aztec	PROPN	Number=Sing	15 Empire	compound
15	Empire	Empire	PROPN	Number=Sing	11 fall	nmod
16	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Select	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	select	imperative	you not said here	the response	consistent property	vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent response=Theme
2	establish	participle				vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot
3	concern	gerund	the established facts not said here	the fall of the Aztec Empire		vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus fall=Experiencer

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

The Aztecs surrendered voluntarily to Rome

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 Aztecs	det
2	Aztecs	Aztec	PROPN	Number=Plur	3 surrendered	nsubj
3	surrendered	surrender	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	voluntarily	voluntarily	ADV	_	3 surrendered	advmod
5	to	to	ADP	_	6 Rome	case
6	Rome	Rome	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 surrendered	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	surrender	past	the Aztecs		Rome			voluntarily property	vn contribute-13.2-1-1 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent to rome=Recipient

Option 2

The Inca Empire conquered the Aztecs

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 Empire	det
2	Inca	Inca	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 Empire	compound
3	Empire	Empire	PROPN	Number=Sing	4 conquered	nsubj
4	conquered	conquer	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 Aztecs	det
6	Aztecs	Aztec	PROPN	Number=Plur	4 conquered	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	conquer	past	the Inca Empire	the Aztecs					vn subjugate-42.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent aztec=Patient

Option 3 · ✓ the right answer

Indigenous allies and epidemic disease contributed most to the Spanish victory

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Indigenous	indigenous	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 allies	amod
2	allies	ally	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 contributed	nsubj
3	and	and	CCONJ	_	5 disease	cc
4	epidemic	epidemic	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 disease	compound
5	disease	disease	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 allies	conj
6	contributed	contribute	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
7	most	most	ADJ	Degree=Sup	6 contributed	obj
8	to	to	ADP	_	11 victory	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 victory	det
10	Spanish	Spanish	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 victory	amod
11	victory	victory	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 contributed	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	contribute	past	Indigenous allies and epidemic disease	most	the Spanish victory				vn contribute-13.2-1-1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent most=Theme to victory=Recipient

Option 4

A few hundred Spaniards prevailed without assistance of any kind whatsoever

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 Spaniards	det
2	few	few	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 Spaniards	amod
3	hundred	hundred	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	4 Spaniards	nummod
4	Spaniards	spaniard	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 prevailed	nsubj
5	prevailed	prevail	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	without	without	ADP	_	7 assistance	case
7	assistance	assistance	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 prevailed	obl
8	of	of	ADP	_	10 kind	case
9	any	any	DET	PronType=Ind	10 kind	det
10	kind	kind	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 assistance	nmod
11	whatsoever	whatsoever	ADV	_	10 kind	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	prevail	past	a few hundred Spaniards					without assistance of any kind	vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	assist			any kind					nom assistance «act transitive»: of=patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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