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Test 10 · What language is: sounds, words and rules everyone shares

Your little brother insists "knee" has four sounds because it has four letters. What do you tell him?

Mova's choice: option 4 · The right answer: option 4 · right ✓ · Who acts: little brother, knee, you · What happens: insist, have, tell · To what, where: four sounds, four letters, brother · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 10 of lesson 1 «What language is: sounds, words and rules everyone shares» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: Your little brother insists "knee" has four sounds because it has four letters.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Your	your	PRON	Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	3 brother	nmod:poss
2	little	little	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 brother	amod
3	brother	brother	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 insists	nsubj
4	insists	insist	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	"	"	PUNCT	_	6 knee	punct
6	knee	knee	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 has	nsubj
7	"	"	PUNCT	_	6 knee	punct
8	has	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 insists	ccomp
9	four	four	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	10 sounds	nummod
10	sounds	sound	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 has	obj
11	because	because	SCONJ	_	13 has	mark
12	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	13 has	nsubj
13	has	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 has	advcl
14	four	four	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	15 letters	nummod
15	letters	letter	NOUN	Number=Plur	13 has	obj
16	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 insists	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	insist speech: other	present	Your little brother						vn say-37.7-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2	have	present	knee	four sounds					vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sound=Patient
3	have	present	knee	four letters					vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent letter=Patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What do you tell him?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	4 tell	obj
2	do	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 tell	aux
3	you	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	4 tell	nsubj
4	tell	tell	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	him	he	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 tell	iobj
6	?	?	PUNCT	_	4 tell	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	tell speech: assert	present · do-support	you		brother				vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent he=Recipient what=Topic

The options

Option 1

He's right, every letter makes one sound

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	He	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 right	nsubj
2	's	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 right	cop
3	right	right	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	7 makes	punct
5	every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	6 letter	det
6	letter	letter	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 makes	nsubj
7	makes	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 right	advcl
8	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	9 sound	nummod
9	sound	sound	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 makes	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	He					right property	tree rules
2	make	present	every letter	one sound					vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset sound=Product

Option 2

It has four sounds, but only in Scotland

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 has	nsubj
2	has	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	four	four	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	4 sounds	nummod
4	sounds	sound	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 has	obj
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	9 Scotland	punct
6	but	but	CCONJ	_	9 Scotland	cc
7	only	only	ADV	_	9 Scotland	advmod
8	in	in	ADP	_	9 Scotland	case
9	Scotland	Scotland	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 has	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	present	It	four sounds					vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sound=Patient

Option 3

It has no sounds, because the k is silent

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 has	nsubj
2	has	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	4 sounds	det
4	sounds	sound	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 has	obj
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 silent	punct
6	because	because	SCONJ	_	10 silent	mark
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 k	det
8	k	k	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 silent	nsubj
9	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	10 silent	cop
10	silent	silent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 has	parataxis

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	present	It	no sounds					vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sound=Patient
2	is	present	the k					silent property	tree rules

Option 4 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Letters and sounds often don't match in English; it has two sounds

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Letters	letter	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 match	nsubj
2	and	and	CCONJ	_	3 sounds	cc
3	sounds	sound	NOUN	Number=Plur	1 Letters	conj
4	often	often	ADV	_	7 match	advmod
5	do	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 match	aux
6	n't	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	7 match	advmod
7	match	match	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
8	in	in	ADP	_	9 English	case
9	English	English	PROPN	Number=Sing	7 match	obl
10	;	;	PUNCT	_	12 has	punct
11	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	12 has	nsubj
12	has	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 match	conj
13	two	two	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	14 sounds	nummod
14	sounds	sound	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 has	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not match	present · do-support	Letters and sounds			English		often property	vn amalgamate-22.2-1 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient
2	have	present	it	two sounds					vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sound=Patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/language/1-what-language-is-sounds-words-and-rules/t10/