Test 1 · ★ · Borrowed words: French, Norse and Latin
Your mate goes "the Vikings just smashed stuff, they never left any words, bruv." What's true?
Mova's choice: option 4 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: mate, Vikings · What happens: go, not leave, be · To what, where: Vikings, words · Speech: someone speaks here
This is test 1 · ★ of lesson 23 «Borrowed words: French, Norse and Latin» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.
The question
Sentence 1: Your mate goes "the Vikings just smashed stuff, they never left any words, bruv."
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Your | your | PRON | Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 2 mate | nmod:poss |
| 2 | mate | mate | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 goes | nsubj |
| 3 | goes | go | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 6 Vikings | punct |
| 5 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 6 Vikings | det |
| 6 | Vikings | Viking | PROPN | Number=Plur | 3 goes | obl |
| 7 | just | just | ADV | _ | 9 stuff | advmod |
| 8 | smashed | smashed | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 9 stuff | amod |
| 9 | stuff | stuff | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 Vikings | nmod |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 13 left | punct |
| 11 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 13 left | nsubj |
| 12 | never | never | ADV | PronType=Neg | 13 left | advmod |
| 13 | left | leave | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 goes | parataxis |
| 14 | any | any | DET | PronType=Ind | 15 words | det |
| 15 | words | word | NOUN | Number=Plur | 13 left | obj |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 17 bruv | punct |
| 17 | bruv | bruv | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 left | obl |
| 18 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 goes | punct |
| 19 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 3 goes | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | go | present | Your mate | the Vikings smashed stuff | vn say-37.7 «NP V S-Quote»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | ||||
| 2 | not leave in a quote | past | Vikings = viking | any words | bruv obl | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent word=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Sentence 2: What's true?
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | What | what | PRON | PronType=Int | 3 true | nsubj |
| 2 | 's | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 true | cop |
| 3 | true | true | ADJ | Degree=Pos | root | root |
| 4 | ? | ? | PUNCT | _ | 3 true | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | present | true property | tree rules |
The options
Option 1
They only left swear words, which is why we don't learn them at school
The tree, 15 words
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | They | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 3 left | nsubj |
| 2 | only | only | ADV | _ | 3 left | advmod |
| 3 | left | leave | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | swear | swear | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 5 words | amod |
| 5 | words | word | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 left | obj |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 9 why | punct |
| 7 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 9 why | nsubj |
| 8 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 9 why | cop |
| 9 | why | why | ADV | PronType=Int | 5 words | acl:relcl |
| 10 | we | we | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 13 learn | nsubj |
| 11 | do | do | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 13 learn | aux |
| 12 | n't | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 13 learn | advmod |
| 13 | learn | learn | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 9 why | advcl:relcl |
| 14 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 13 learn | obj |
| 15 | at | at | ADP | _ | 16 school | case |
| 16 | school | school | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 learn | obl |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | leave | past | They | swear words | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent word=Theme | ||||
| 2 | is | present | swear words | why property | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | not learn | present · do-support | we | words = word | school | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Topic |
Option 2 · ✓ the right answer
English got everyday words like "sky", "egg" and "they" from them
The tree, 11 words
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | English | English | PROPN | Number=Sing | 2 got | nsubj |
| 2 | got | get | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | everyday | everyday | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 words | amod |
| 4 | words | word | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 got | obj |
| 5 | like | like | ADP | _ | 7 sky | case |
| 6 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 7 sky | punct |
| 7 | sky | sky | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 words | nmod |
| 8 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 2 got | punct |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 11 egg | punct |
| 10 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 11 egg | punct |
| 11 | egg | egg | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 they | nsubj |
| 12 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 11 egg | punct |
| 13 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 15 they | cc |
| 14 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 15 they | punct |
| 15 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 2 got | parataxis |
| 16 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 15 they | punct |
| 17 | from | from | ADP | _ | 18 them | case |
| 18 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 15 they | nmod |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | get | past | English | everyday words | like sky | tree rules |
Option 3
They only left names of weapons
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | They | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 3 left | nsubj |
| 2 | only | only | ADV | _ | 3 left | advmod |
| 3 | left | leave | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | names | name | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 left | obj |
| 5 | of | of | ADP | _ | 6 weapons | case |
| 6 | weapons | weapon | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 names | nmod |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | leave | past | They | names of weapons | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent name=Theme | ||||
| 2 | name | weapons | nom name «communication transitive»: of=patient |
Option 4 · ← Mova's choice
He's right, not a single Viking word survived in English, they all vanished
The tree, 14 words
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | He | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 3 right | nsubj |
| 2 | 's | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 right | cop |
| 3 | right | right | ADJ | Degree=Pos | root | root |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 9 word | punct |
| 5 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 9 word | advmod |
| 6 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 9 word | det |
| 7 | single | single | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 9 word | amod |
| 8 | Viking | viking | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 word | compound |
| 9 | word | word | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 right | parataxis |
| 10 | survived | survive | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 9 word | acl |
| 11 | in | in | ADP | _ | 12 English | case |
| 12 | English | English | PROPN | Number=Sing | 10 survived | obl |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 16 vanished | punct |
| 14 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 16 vanished | nsubj |
| 15 | all | all | ADV | _ | 16 vanished | advmod |
| 16 | vanished | vanish | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 right | conj |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | present | He | right property | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | survive | participle | a single Viking word not said here | English | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in english=Location | ||||
| 3 | vanish | past | they | all property | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/language/23-borrowed-words-french-norse-and-latin/t1/