Test 4 · ★ · Borrowed words: French, Norse and Latin

What would happen if no French words had entered English?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · What happens: happen, enter · To what, where: French words

This is test 4 · ★ of lesson 23 «Borrowed words: French, Norse and Latin» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	3 happen	nsubj
2	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	3 happen	aux
3	happen	happen	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
4	if	if	SCONJ	_	9 entered	mark
5	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	7 words	det
6	French	French	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 words	amod
7	words	word	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 entered	nsubj:pass
8	had	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	9 entered	aux
9	entered	enter	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 happen	advcl
10	English	English	PROPN	Number=Sing	9 entered	obj
11	?	?	PUNCT	_	3 happen	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	happen	would							vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	enter a condition, not said to happen	past · perfect · passive		no French words					tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

English would have no words for any kind of food at all, not even "bread"

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	English	English	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 have	nsubj
2	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	3 have	aux
3	have	have	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
4	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	5 words	det
5	words	word	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 have	obj
6	for	for	ADP	_	8 kind	case
7	any	any	DET	PronType=Ind	8 kind	det
8	kind	kind	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 words	nmod
9	of	of	ADP	_	10 food	case
10	food	food	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 kind	nmod
11	at	at	ADP	_	12 all	case
12	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	8 kind	nmod
13	,	,	PUNCT	_	17 bread	punct
14	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	17 bread	advmod
15	even	even	ADV	_	17 bread	advmod
16	"	"	PUNCT	_	17 bread	punct
17	bread	bread	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 have	obl
18	"	"	PUNCT	_	17 bread	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	would	English	no words				for any kind of food at all; bread obl	vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent word=Patient

Option 2 · ✓ the right answer

Words like "beef", "menu" and "chef" would be missing

The tree, 9 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Words	word	NOUN	Number=Plur	16 missing	nsubj
2	like	like	ADP	_	4 beef	case
3	"	"	PUNCT	_	4 beef	punct
4	beef	beef	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Words	nmod
5	"	"	PUNCT	_	4 beef	punct
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	8 menu	punct
7	"	"	PUNCT	_	8 menu	punct
8	menu	menu	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 beef	conj
9	"	"	PUNCT	_	8 menu	punct
10	and	and	CCONJ	_	12 chef	cc
11	"	"	PUNCT	_	12 chef	punct
12	chef	chef	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 beef	conj
13	"	"	PUNCT	_	12 chef	punct
14	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	16 missing	aux
15	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	16 missing	cop
16	missing	missing	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	would	Words like beef and menu and chef					missing property	tree rules

Option 3

English would be Latin

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	English	English	PROPN	Number=Sing	4 Latin	nsubj
2	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 Latin	aux
3	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	4 Latin	cop
4	Latin	Latin	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	would	English					latin property	tree rules

Option 4

English would sound exactly the same, because French gave it nothing

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	English	English	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 sound	nsubj
2	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	3 sound	aux
3	sound	sound	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
4	exactly	exactly	ADV	_	6 same	advmod
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 same	det
6	same	same	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 sound	xcomp
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 gave	punct
8	because	because	SCONJ	_	10 gave	mark
9	French	French	PROPN	Number=Sing	10 gave	nsubj
10	gave	give	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 sound	conj
11	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	10 gave	obj
12	nothing	nothing	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Neg	10 gave	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	sound	would	English					same property	vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus
2	give	past	French	it					vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent it=Recipient nothing=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/language/23-borrowed-words-french-norse-and-latin/t4/