Exam question 3 · How babies learn to talk

In respect of a child who says "I runned", select the response consistent with the established facts.

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 2 · right ✓ · Who acts: child, you · What happens: say, runn, select, establish, respect · To what, where: response, respect, child · Speech: someone speaks here

This is exam question 3 of lesson 31 «How babies learn to talk» of the language course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	In	in	ADP	_	2 respect	case
2	respect	respect	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 select	obl
3	of	of	ADP	_	5 child	case
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 child	det
5	child	child	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 respect	nmod
6	who	who	PRON	PronType=Rel	7 says	nsubj
7	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 child	acl:relcl
8	"	"	PUNCT	_	10 runned	punct
9	I	I	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs	10 runned	nsubj
10	runned	runn	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	7 says	ccomp
11	"	"	PUNCT	_	10 runned	punct
12	,	,	PUNCT	_	2 respect	punct
13	select	select	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 response	det
15	response	response	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 select	obj
16	consistent	consistent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	15 response	amod
17	with	with	ADP	_	20 facts	case
18	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	20 facts	det
19	established	establish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	20 facts	amod
20	facts	fact	NOUN	Number=Plur	16 consistent	obl
21	.	.	PUNCT	_	13 select	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	roles by
1	say speech: assert	present	a child			vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2	runn in a quote	past	a child = child			tree rules
3	select	imperative	you not said here	the response	respect of a child	vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent response=Theme
4	establish	participle				vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot
5	respect			a child		nom respect «cognition transitive»: of=patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

The child should be prevented from speaking until corrected

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 child	det
2	child	child	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 prevented	nsubj
3	should	should	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	5 prevented	aux
4	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	5 prevented	aux:pass
5	prevented	prevent	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
6	from	from	SCONJ	_	7 speaking	mark
7	speaking	speak	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	5 prevented	advcl
8	until	until	SCONJ	_	9 corrected	mark
9	corrected	correct	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	7 speaking	xcomp

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	roles by
1	prevent	should · passive	the child	vn forbid-64.4-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme
2	speak speech: other	gerund		tree rules
3	correct speech: disagree	participle		vn remedy-45.7 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

The child is applying a general rule to an irregular verb, a normal stage of development

The tree, 16 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 child	det
2	child	child	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 applying	nsubj
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 applying	aux
4	applying	apply	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	root	root
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 rule	det
6	general	general	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 rule	amod
7	rule	rule	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 applying	obj
8	to	to	ADP	_	11 verb	case
9	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	11 verb	det
10	irregular	irregular	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 verb	amod
11	verb	verb	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 applying	obl
12	,	,	PUNCT	_	15 stage	punct
13	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	15 stage	det
14	normal	normal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	15 stage	amod
15	stage	stage	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 applying	obl
16	of	of	ADP	_	17 development	case
17	development	development	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 stage	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	apply	present · progressive	the child	a general rule				to a irregular verb; a normal stage of development obl	vn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rule=Theme

Option 3

The child is suffering from a disorder of speech requiring immediate professional treatment

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 child	det
2	child	child	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 suffering	nsubj
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 suffering	aux
4	suffering	suffer	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	root	root
5	from	from	ADP	_	7 disorder	case
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 disorder	det
7	disorder	disorder	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 suffering	obl
8	of	of	ADP	_	9 speech	case
9	speech	speech	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 disorder	nmod
10	requiring	require	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	9 speech	acl
11	immediate	immediate	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 treatment	amod
12	professional	professional	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 treatment	amod
13	treatment	treatment	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 requiring	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	roles by
1	suffer	present · progressive	the child		a disorder of speech	vn marvel-31.3 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer
2	require	gerund	speech not said here	immediate professional treatment		vn require-103-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme treatment=Precondition
3	disorder			speech		nom disorder «state transitive»: of=patient

Option 4

The child has acquired the form from adult speech

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 child	det
2	child	child	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 acquired	nsubj:pass
3	has	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 acquired	aux
4	acquired	acquire	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 form	det
6	form	form	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 acquired	obj
7	from	from	ADP	_	9 speech	case
8	adult	adult	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 speech	amod
9	speech	speech	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 acquired	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	acquire	present · perfect · passive		the child		adult speech			tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/language/31-how-babies-learn-to-talk/e3/