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Test 5 · ★ · How babies learn to talk

Your uncle says "all languages come from one word mama, that proves it." What's the better explanation?

Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 3 · right ✓ · Who acts: uncle, languages, one word mama, better explanation · What happens: say, come, prove, be · To what, where: one word mama, mama · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 5 · ★ of lesson 31 «How babies learn to talk» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: Your uncle says "all languages come from one word mama, that proves it."

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Your	your	PRON	Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	2 uncle	nmod:poss
2	uncle	uncle	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 says	nsubj
3	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	"	"	PUNCT	_	7 come	punct
5	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	6 languages	det
6	languages	language	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 come	nsubj
7	come	come	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 says	ccomp
8	from	from	ADP	_	11 mama	case
9	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	11 mama	nummod
10	word	word	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 mama	compound
11	mama	mama	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 come	obl
12	,	,	PUNCT	_	14 proves	punct
13	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	14 proves	nsubj
14	proves	prove	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	11 mama	acl:relcl
15	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	14 proves	obj
16	.	.	PUNCT	_	7 come	punct
17	"	"	PUNCT	_	7 come	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	say speech: assert	present	Your uncle						vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2	come in a quote	present	all languages			one word mama			vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme from mama=Initial_Location
3	prove in a quote	present	one word mama	mama					vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What's the better explanation?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	root	root
2	's	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	1 What	cop
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 explanation	det
4	better	good	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	5 explanation	amod
5	explanation	explanation	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 What	nsubj
6	?	?	PUNCT	_	1 What	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	the better explanation						tree rules

The options

Option 1

Mama was invented in 1950

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Mama	Mama	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 invented	nsubj
2	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 invented	aux:pass
3	invented	invent	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	in	in	ADP	_	5 1950	case
5	1950	1950	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	3 invented	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	invent	past · passive		Mama		1950			vn create-26.4-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Result

Option 2

He's right, it proves all languages are one family

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	He	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 right	nsubj
2	's	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 right	cop
3	right	right	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	6 proves	punct
5	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	6 proves	nsubj
6	proves	prove	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 right	parataxis
7	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	8 languages	det
8	languages	language	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 family	nsubj
9	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	11 family	cop
10	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	11 family	nummod
11	family	family	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 proves	ccomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	He					right property	tree rules
2	prove	present	it						vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S_INF»: agent=Agent
3	is a	present	all languages	one family					tree rules

Option 3 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

"Ma" is an easy baby sound, so many languages chose it

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	"	"	PUNCT	_	2 Ma	punct
2	Ma	ma	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 sound	nsubj
3	"	"	PUNCT	_	2 Ma	punct
4	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 sound	cop
5	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 sound	det
6	easy	easy	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 sound	amod
7	baby	baby	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 sound	compound
8	sound	sound	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 chose	punct
10	so	so	ADV	_	11 many	advmod
11	many	many	ADJ	Degree=Pos	12 languages	amod
12	languages	language	NOUN	Number=Plur	13 chose	nsubj
13	chose	choose	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	8 sound	parataxis
14	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	13 chose	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	Ma	a easy baby sound					tree rules
2	choose	past	many languages	Ma					vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme

Option 4

Mama is an English word that every other language copied

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Mama	mama	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 word	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 word	cop
3	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 word	det
4	English	English	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 word	amod
5	word	word	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
6	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	9 language	nsubj
7	every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	9 language	det
8	other	other	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 language	amod
9	language	language	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 word	appos
10	copied	copy	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	9 language	acl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	Mama	a English word					tree rules
2	language		that						tree rules
3	copy	participle		every other language not said here					vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/language/31-how-babies-learn-to-talk/t5/