Exam question 1 · Ukrainian compared with English

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the means by which Ukrainian indicates the grammatical function of a noun?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: the · What happens: follow, characteris, mean, indicate · To what, where: grammatical function · Speech: someone speaks here

This is exam question 1 of lesson 33 «Ukrainian compared with English» of the language course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 means	nsubj
10	means	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 characterises	ccomp
11	by	by	SCONJ	_	14 indicates	mark
12	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	14 indicates	nsubj
13	Ukrainian	Ukrainian	PROPN	Number=Sing	14 indicates	nsubj
14	indicates	indicate	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	10 means	ccomp
15	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	17 function	det
16	grammatical	grammatical	ADJ	Degree=Pos	17 function	amod
17	function	function	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 indicates	obj
18	of	of	ADP	_	20 noun	case
19	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	20 noun	det
20	noun	noun	NOUN	Number=Sing	17 function	nmod
21	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund				vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present			of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules
3	mean	present	the			vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
4	indicate	present		the grammatical function of a noun		vn indicate-78-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot function=Topic

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Principally by the alteration of word endings, termed cases

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Principally	principally	ADV	_	9 termed	advmod
2	by	by	ADP	_	4 alteration	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 alteration	det
4	alteration	alteration	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Principally	obl
5	of	of	ADP	_	7 endings	case
6	word	word	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 endings	compound
7	endings	ending	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 alteration	nmod
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	1 Principally	punct
9	termed	term	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	10 cases	amod
10	cases	case	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	term	participle						principally property	vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
2	alter			word endings					nom alteration «event transitive»: of=patient

Option 2

Principally by fixed word order identical to that of English

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Principally	principally	ADV	_	6 identical	advmod
2	by	by	ADP	_	5 order	case
3	fixed	fix	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	5 order	amod
4	word	word	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 order	compound
5	order	order	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Principally	obl
6	identical	identical	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
7	to	to	ADP	_	8 that	case
8	that	that	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	6 identical	obl
9	of	of	ADP	_	10 English	case
10	English	English	PROPN	Number=Sing	8 that	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	fix	participle							vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient

Option 3

Principally by tones of voice

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Principally	principally	ADV	_	3 tones	advmod
2	by	by	ADP	_	3 tones	case
3	tones	tone	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
4	of	of	ADP	_	5 voice	case
5	voice	voice	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 tones	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	intonate			voice					nom tone «communication transitive»: of=patient

Option 4

Principally by the use of articles

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Principally	principally	ADV	_	4 use	advmod
2	by	by	ADP	_	4 use	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 use	det
4	use	use	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
5	of	of	ADP	_	6 articles	case
6	articles	article	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 use	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	use			articles					nom use «act transitive»: of=patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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