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Test 11 · ★★ · Ukrainian compared with English

Your English friend says "English has no cases at all, mate." What's a fair reply?

Mova's choice: option 4 · The right answer: option 1 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: English friend, English · What happens: say, have, be · To what, where: cases, all, fair reply · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 11 · ★★ of lesson 33 «Ukrainian compared with English» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: Your English friend says "English has no cases at all, mate."

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Your	your	PRON	Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	3 friend	nmod:poss
2	English	English	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 friend	amod
3	friend	friend	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 says	nsubj
4	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	"	"	PUNCT	_	7 has	punct
6	English	English	PROPN	Number=Sing	7 has	nsubj
7	has	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 says	ccomp
8	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	9 cases	det
9	cases	case	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 has	obj
10	at	at	ADP	_	11 all	case
11	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	9 cases	nmod
12	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 mate	punct
13	mate	mate	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 cases	conj
14	.	.	PUNCT	_	7 has	punct
15	"	"	PUNCT	_	7 has	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	say speech: assert	present	Your English friend						vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2	have in a quote	present	English	no cases and mate		all			vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent case=Patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What's a fair reply?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	5 reply	nsubj
2	's	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 reply	cop
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 reply	det
4	fair	fair	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 reply	amod
5	reply	reply	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
6	?	?	PUNCT	_	5 reply	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present		a fair reply					tree rules

The options

Option 1 · ✓ the right answer

Mostly true, but pronouns like he, him and his still change

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Mostly	mostly	ADV	_	2 true	advmod
2	true	true	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 pronouns	amod
3	,	,	PUNCT	_	5 pronouns	punct
4	but	but	CCONJ	_	5 pronouns	cc
5	pronouns	pronoun	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
6	like	like	ADP	_	7 he	case
7	he	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	5 pronouns	nmod
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	9 him	punct
9	him	he	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	7 he	conj
10	and	and	CCONJ	_	13 change	cc
11	his	his	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	13 change	nmod:poss
12	still	still	ADV	_	13 change	advmod
13	change	change	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 he	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	change		his = he						nom change «event intransitive»: poss=agent

Option 2

English has more cases than Ukrainian

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	English	English	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 has	nsubj
2	has	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	more	more	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	4 cases	amod
4	cases	case	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 has	obj
5	than	than	ADP	_	6 Ukrainian	case
6	Ukrainian	Ukrainian	PROPN	Number=Sing	4 cases	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	present	English	more cases				than Ukrainian	vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent case=Patient

Option 3

English has seven cases like Ukrainian

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	English	English	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 has	nsubj
2	has	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	seven	seven	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	4 cases	nummod
4	cases	case	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 has	obj
5	like	like	ADP	_	6 Ukrainian	case
6	Ukrainian	Ukrainian	PROPN	Number=Sing	4 cases	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	present	English	seven cases				like Ukrainian	vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent case=Patient

Option 4 · ← Mova's choice

Totally true, English never changes the ending of any word at all

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Totally	totally	ADV	_	2 true	advmod
2	true	true	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
3	,	,	PUNCT	_	6 changes	punct
4	English	English	PROPN	Number=Sing	6 changes	nsubj
5	never	never	ADV	PronType=Neg	6 changes	advmod
6	changes	change	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 true	conj
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 ending	det
8	ending	ending	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 changes	obj
9	of	of	ADP	_	11 word	case
10	any	any	DET	PronType=Ind	11 word	det
11	word	word	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 ending	nmod
12	at	at	ADP	_	13 all	case
13	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	6 changes	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not change	present	English	the ending of any word		all			vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ending=Patient
2	end			any word					nom ending «communication transitive»: of=patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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