Exam question 1 · Vikings, knights and the Middle Ages

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the helmets worn by warriors of the Viking age?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · What happens: follow, characteris, wear · To what, where: helmets

This is exam question 1 of lesson 18 «Vikings, knights and the Middle Ages» of the myths course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 helmets	det
10	helmets	helmet	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obj
11	worn	wear	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	10 helmets	acl
12	by	by	ADP	_	13 warriors	case
13	warriors	warrior	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 worn	obl
14	of	of	ADP	_	17 age	case
15	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	17 age	det
16	Viking	Viking	PROPN	Number=Sing	17 age	compound
17	age	age	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 warriors	nmod
18	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund			vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present	the helmets	of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules
3	wear	participle	the helmets not said here	by warriors of the Viking age	vn wipe_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V PP-Conative»: agent=Agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

Helmets bearing horns were worn by every warrior of that age without exception

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Helmets	helmet	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 worn	nsubj:pass
2	bearing	bear	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	1 Helmets	acl
3	horns	horn	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 bearing	obj
4	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	5 worn	aux:pass
5	worn	wear	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
6	by	by	ADP	_	8 warrior	case
7	every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	8 warrior	det
8	warrior	warrior	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 worn	obl
9	of	of	ADP	_	11 age	case
10	that	that	DET	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	11 age	det
11	age	age	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 warrior	nmod
12	without	without	ADP	_	13 exception	case
13	exception	exception	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 worn	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	bear	gerund	Helmets not said here	horns					vn birth-28.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent horn=Patient
2	wear	past · passive	every warrior of that age	Helmets				without exception	vn wipe_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent subject=Theme

Option 2

Helmets bearing wings were worn at sea

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Helmets	helmet	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 worn	nsubj:pass
2	bearing	bear	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	1 Helmets	acl
3	wings	wing	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 bearing	obj
4	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	5 worn	aux:pass
5	worn	wear	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
6	at	at	ADP	_	7 sea	case
7	sea	sea	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 worn	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	bear	gerund	Helmets not said here	wings					vn birth-28.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent wing=Patient
2	wear	past · passive		Helmets		sea			vn wipe_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: subject=Theme

Option 3

Helmets bearing horns were reserved for kings

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Helmets	helmet	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 reserved	nsubj:pass
2	bearing	bear	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	1 Helmets	acl
3	horns	horn	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 bearing	obj
4	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	5 reserved	aux:pass
5	reserved	reserve	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
6	for	for	ADP	_	7 kings	case
7	kings	king	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 reserved	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	bear	gerund	Helmets not said here	horns					vn birth-28.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent horn=Patient
2	reserve	past · passive		Helmets				for kings	vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: subject=Theme for king=Beneficiary

Option 4 · ✓ the right answer

No helmet bearing horns from that age has been recovered

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	No	no	DET	PronType=Neg	4 horns	det
2	helmet	helmet	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 bearing	compound
3	bearing	bearing	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 horns	compound
4	horns	horn	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 recovered	nsubj:pass
5	from	from	ADP	_	7 age	case
6	that	that	DET	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	7 age	det
7	age	age	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 horns	nmod
8	has	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	10 recovered	aux
9	been	be	AUX	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	10 recovered	aux:pass
10	recovered	recover	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	recover	present · perfect · passive		no bearing horns from that age					vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/myths/18-vikings-knights-and-the-middle-ages/e1/