Exam question 3 · Pressure tricks: pumps, tyres and vacuums
It is given that the volume of the chest cavity is enlarged during inhalation. Determine the immediate consequence.
Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: you · What happens: give, enlarge, determine · To what, where: It, volume, immediate consequence
This is exam question 3 of lesson 16 «Pressure tricks: pumps, tyres and vacuums» of the physics course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.
The question
Sentence 1: It is given that the volume of the chest cavity is enlarged during inhalation.
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | It | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 3 given | nsubj:pass |
| 2 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 given | aux:pass |
| 3 | given | give | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 4 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 12 enlarged | mark |
| 5 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 6 volume | det |
| 6 | volume | volume | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 enlarged | nsubj:pass |
| 7 | of | of | ADP | _ | 10 cavity | case |
| 8 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 cavity | det |
| 9 | chest | chest | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 cavity | compound |
| 10 | cavity | cavity | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 volume | nmod |
| 11 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 12 enlarged | aux:pass |
| 12 | enlarged | enlarge | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 3 given | advcl |
| 13 | during | during | ADP | _ | 14 inhalation | case |
| 14 | inhalation | inhalation | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 enlarged | obl |
| 15 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 given | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | give | present · passive | It | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme | |||||
| 2 | enlarge | present · passive | the volume of the chest cavity | during inhalation | vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Sentence 2: Determine the immediate consequence.
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Determine | determine | VERB | Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 4 consequence | det |
| 3 | immediate | immediate | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 consequence | amod |
| 4 | consequence | consequence | NOUN | Number=Sing | 1 Determine | obj |
| 5 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 1 Determine | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | determine | imperative | you not said here | the immediate consequence | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent consequence=Topic |
The options
Option 1 · ← Mova's choice
The pressure within the lungs increases and air is expelled
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 pressure | det |
| 2 | pressure | pressure | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 increases | nsubj |
| 3 | within | within | ADP | _ | 5 lungs | case |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 lungs | det |
| 5 | lungs | lung | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 pressure | nmod |
| 6 | increases | increase | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 7 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 10 expelled | cc |
| 8 | air | air | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 expelled | nsubj:pass |
| 9 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 10 expelled | aux:pass |
| 10 | expelled | expel | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 6 increases | conj |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | increase | present | the pressure within the lungs | vn caused_calibratable_cos-45.6.2-1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient | |||||
| 2 | expel | present · passive | air | vn banish-10.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
Option 2
The heart propels air into the lungs
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 heart | det |
| 2 | heart | heart | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 propels | nsubj |
| 3 | propels | propel | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | air | air | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 propels | obj |
| 5 | into | into | ADP | _ | 7 lungs | case |
| 6 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 7 lungs | det |
| 7 | lungs | lung | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 propels | obl |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | propel | present | the heart | air | the lungs | tree rules |
Option 3
No movement of air occurs
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | No | no | DET | PronType=Neg | 2 movement | det |
| 2 | movement | movement | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 occurs | nsubj |
| 3 | of | of | ADP | _ | 4 air | case |
| 4 | air | air | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 movement | nmod |
| 5 | occurs | occur | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | occur | present | no movement of air | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 2 | move | air | nom movement «act transitive»: of=patient |
Option 4 · ✓ the right answer
The pressure within the lungs diminishes and external air enters
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 pressure | det |
| 2 | pressure | pressure | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 diminishes | nsubj |
| 3 | within | within | ADP | _ | 5 lungs | case |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 lungs | det |
| 5 | lungs | lung | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 pressure | nmod |
| 6 | diminishes | diminish | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 7 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 10 enters | cc |
| 8 | external | external | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 9 air | amod |
| 9 | air | air | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 enters | nsubj |
| 10 | enters | enter | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 6 diminishes | conj |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | diminish | present | the pressure within the lungs | vn caused_calibratable_cos-45.6.2-1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient | |||||
| 2 | enter | present | external air | vn escape-51.1-1-2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/physics/16-pressure-tricks-pumps-tyres-vacuums/e3/