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Test 10 · ★★ · Pressure tricks: pumps, tyres and vacuums

You leave a hot jar of homemade jam to cool with the lid on tight. A day later the lid is pulled in. Why?

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 2 · right ✓ · Who acts: You · What happens: leave, cool, pull in · To what, where: hot jar, tight, lid

This is test 10 · ★★ of lesson 16 «Pressure tricks: pumps, tyres and vacuums» of the physics course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: You leave a hot jar of homemade jam to cool with the lid on tight.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	You	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	2 leave	nsubj
2	leave	leave	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 jar	det
4	hot	hot	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 jar	amod
5	jar	jar	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 leave	obj
6	of	of	ADP	_	8 jam	case
7	homemade	homemade	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 jam	amod
8	jam	jam	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 jar	nmod
9	to	to	PART	_	10 cool	mark
10	cool	cool	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 leave	advcl
11	with	with	ADP	_	13 lid	case
12	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	13 lid	det
13	lid	lid	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 cool	obl
14	on	on	ADP	_	15 tight	case
15	tight	tight	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 cool	obl
16	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 leave	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	leave	present	You	a hot jar of homemade jam					vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent jar=Theme
2	cool	to-infinitive	You not said here			tight		with the lid	vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent with lid=Instrument

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: A day later the lid is pulled in.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 day	det
2	day	day	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 pulled	obl:unmarked
3	later	late	ADV	Degree=Cmp	7 pulled	advmod
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 lid	det
5	lid	lid	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 pulled	nsubj:pass
6	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 pulled	aux:pass
7	pulled	pull	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
8	in	in	ADP	_	7 pulled	compound:prt
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	7 pulled	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	pull in	present · passive		the lid			day	late property	vn push-12-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme

Sentence 3: Why?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Why	why	ADV	PronType=Int	root	root
2	?	?	PUNCT	_	1 Why	punct

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

The options

Option 1

Someone squeezed it in the night

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Someone	someone	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	2 squeezed	nsubj
2	squeezed	squeeze	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 squeezed	obj
4	in	in	ADP	_	6 night	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 night	det
6	night	night	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 squeezed	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	squeeze	past	Someone	it			night		vn push-12-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

The cooled air inside presses less than the air outside

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 air	det
2	cooled	cool	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 air	amod
3	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 presses	nsubj
4	inside	inside	ADV	_	3 air	advmod
5	presses	press	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	less	less	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	5 presses	obj
7	than	than	ADP	_	9 air	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 air	det
9	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 presses	obl
10	outside	outside	ADV	_	5 presses	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	cool	participle							vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
2	press	present	the cooled air	less				than the air; outside property	vn push-12-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent less=Theme

Option 3

The jam shrank and pulled the lid down by sticking to it

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 jam	det
2	jam	jam	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 shrank	nsubj
3	shrank	shrink	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	and	and	CCONJ	_	5 pulled	cc
5	pulled	pull	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 shrank	conj
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 lid	det
7	lid	lid	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 pulled	obj
8	down	down	ADP	_	5 pulled	compound:prt
9	by	by	SCONJ	_	10 sticking	mark
10	sticking	stick	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	5 pulled	advcl
11	to	to	ADP	_	12 it	case
12	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	10 sticking	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	shrink	past	the jam						vn bend-45.2 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
2	pull down	past	the jam not said here	the lid					vn push-12-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lid=Theme
3	stick	gerund	the jam not said here		jam				vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V NP PP»: agent=Agent to it=Co-Patient

Option 4

The lid got cold and shrank more than the glass

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 lid	det
2	lid	lid	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 got	nsubj
3	got	get	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	cold	cold	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 got	xcomp
5	and	and	CCONJ	_	6 shrank	cc
6	shrank	shrink	VERB	Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 got	conj
7	more	more	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	6 shrank	obj
8	than	than	ADP	_	10 glass	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 glass	det
10	glass	glass	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 more	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	get	past	the lid					cold property	vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer
2	shrink	past	the lid not said here	more					vn bend-45.2 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent more=Patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/physics/16-pressure-tricks-pumps-tyres-vacuums/t10/