Test 6 · ★★ · Melting, freezing and boiling

Why does your breath make a little cloud on a cold day but not on a warm one?

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 1 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: breath · What happens: make · To what, where: little cloud

This is test 6 · ★★ of lesson 24 «Melting, freezing and boiling» of the physics course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Why	why	ADV	PronType=Int	5 make	advmod
2	does	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 make	aux
3	your	your	PRON	Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	4 breath	nmod:poss
4	breath	breath	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 make	nsubj
5	make	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 cloud	det
7	little	little	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 cloud	amod
8	cloud	cloud	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 make	obj
9	on	on	ADP	_	12 day	case
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	12 day	det
11	cold	cold	ADJ	Degree=Pos	12 day	amod
12	day	day	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 make	obl
13	but	but	CCONJ	_	18 one	cc
14	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	18 one	advmod
15	on	on	ADP	_	18 one	case
16	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	18 one	det
17	warm	warm	ADJ	Degree=Pos	18 one	amod
18	one	one	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 day	conj
19	?	?	PUNCT	_	5 make	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	make	present · do-support	your breath	a little cloud			day		vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset cloud=Product

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ✓ the right answer

The cold air turns the vapour in your breath into droplets

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 air	det
2	cold	cold	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 air	amod
3	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 turns	nsubj
4	turns	turn	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 vapour	det
6	vapour	vapour	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 turns	obj
7	in	in	ADP	_	9 breath	case
8	your	your	PRON	Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	9 breath	nmod:poss
9	breath	breath	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 vapour	nmod
10	into	into	ADP	_	11 droplets	case
11	droplets	droplet	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 turns	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	turn	present	the cold air	the vapour				into droplets; in your breath	vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient PP.theme»: agent=Agent vapour=Patient into droplet=Recipient in breath=Topic

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice

Your lungs only make little clouds in winter, to keep you warm

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Your	your	PRON	Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	2 lungs	nmod:poss
2	lungs	lung	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 make	nsubj
3	only	only	ADV	_	4 make	advmod
4	make	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	little	little	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 clouds	amod
6	clouds	cloud	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 make	obj
7	in	in	ADP	_	8 winter	case
8	winter	winter	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 make	obl
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 keep	punct
10	to	to	PART	_	11 keep	mark
11	keep	keep	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	4 make	parataxis
12	you	you	PRON	Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs	11 keep	obj
13	warm	warm	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 keep	xcomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	make	present	Your lungs	little clouds			winter		vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset cloud=Product
2	keep	to-infinitive		you				warm property	vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent you=Theme

Option 3

Your breath is hotter in winter

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Your	your	PRON	Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	2 breath	nmod:poss
2	breath	breath	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 hotter	nsubj
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 hotter	cop
4	hotter	hot	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	root	root
5	in	in	ADP	_	6 winter	case
6	winter	winter	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 hotter	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	Your breath				winter	hot property	tree rules

Option 4

Your breath is smokier in winter

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Your	your	PRON	Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	2 breath	nmod:poss
2	breath	breath	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 smokier	nsubj
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 smokier	cop
4	smokier	smoky	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	root	root
5	in	in	ADP	_	6 winter	case
6	winter	winter	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 smokier	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	Your breath				winter	smoky property	tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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