Exam question 3 · Levers: lifting heavy things with a little push

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the operation of a lever employed to raise a heavy object?

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 2 · right ✓ · What happens: follow, characteris, employ, raise, operate · To what, where: operation, lever, heavy object

This is exam question 3 of lesson 33 «Levers: lifting heavy things with a little push» of the physics course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 operation	det
10	operation	operation	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
11	of	of	ADP	_	13 lever	case
12	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	13 lever	det
13	lever	lever	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 operation	nmod
14	employed	employ	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	13 lever	acl
15	to	to	PART	_	16 raise	mark
16	raise	raise	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	14 employed	advcl
17	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	19 object	det
18	heavy	heavy	ADJ	Degree=Pos	19 object	amod
19	object	object	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 raise	obj
20	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund			vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present	the operation of a lever	of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules
3	employ	participle	a lever not said here		vn hire-13.5.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
4	raise	to-infinitive	a heavy object		vn put_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent object=Theme
5	operate		a lever		nom operation «state transitive»: of=patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

The lever reduces the weight of the object itself

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 lever	det
2	lever	lever	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 reduces	nsubj
3	reduces	reduce	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 weight	det
5	weight	weight	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 reduces	obj
6	of	of	ADP	_	8 object	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 object	det
8	object	object	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 weight	nmod
9	itself	itself	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Emp Reflex=Yes	8 object	nmod:unmarked

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	reduce	present	the lever	the weight of the object lever					vn limit-76 «NP V NP»: agent=Causer weight=Patient

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

A small force applied far from the pivot yields a greater force near it

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 force	det
2	small	small	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 force	amod
3	force	force	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 yields	nsubj
4	applied	apply	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 force	acl
5	far	far	ADV	Degree=Pos	4 applied	advmod
6	from	from	ADP	_	8 pivot	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 pivot	det
8	pivot	pivot	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 applied	obl
9	yields	yield	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	12 force	det
11	greater	great	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	12 force	amod
12	force	force	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 yields	obj
13	near	near	ADP	_	14 it	case
14	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	12 force	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	apply	participle		a small force not said here		the pivot		far property	vn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
2	yield	present	a small force	a greater force		pivot			vn future_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent force=Theme

Option 3

The lever creates additional energy for the user

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 lever	det
2	lever	lever	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 creates	nsubj
3	creates	create	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	additional	additional	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 energy	amod
5	energy	energy	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 creates	obj
6	for	for	ADP	_	8 user	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 user	det
8	user	user	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 creates	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	create	present	the lever	additional energy				for the user	vn create-26.4 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent energy=Result for user=Beneficiary

Option 4

A large force applied near the pivot yields a smaller force far from it

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 force	det
2	large	large	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 force	amod
3	force	force	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 yields	nsubj
4	applied	apply	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 force	acl
5	near	near	ADP	_	7 pivot	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 pivot	det
7	pivot	pivot	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 applied	obl
8	yields	yield	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	11 force	det
10	smaller	small	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	11 force	amod
11	force	force	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 yields	obj
12	far	far	ADV	Degree=Pos	8 yields	advmod
13	from	from	ADP	_	14 it	case
14	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	12 far	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	apply	participle		a large force not said here		the pivot			vn put-9.1-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent near pivot=Destination
2	yield	present	a large force	a smaller force				far property	vn future_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent force=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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