Exam question 3 · Speed: fast and slow

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the forward motion of a passenger when a vehicle decelerates abruptly?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: vehicle, passenger · What happens: follow, characteris, decelerate, motion · To what, where: forward motion

This is exam question 3 of lesson 36 «Speed: fast and slow» of the physics course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 motion	det
10	forward	forward	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 motion	amod
11	motion	motion	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
12	of	of	ADP	_	14 passenger	case
13	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	14 passenger	det
14	passenger	passenger	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 motion	nmod
15	when	when	SCONJ	_	18 decelerates	mark
16	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	17 vehicle	det
17	vehicle	vehicle	NOUN	Number=Sing	18 decelerates	nsubj
18	decelerates	decelerate	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 characterises	advcl
19	abruptly	abruptly	ADV	_	18 decelerates	advmod
20	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund				vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present		the forward motion of a passenger	of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules
3	decelerate	present	a vehicle		abruptly property	vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
4	motion		a passenger			nom motion «communication intransitive»: of=agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

The brakes attract the passenger towards the front

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 brakes	det
2	brakes	brake	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 attract	nsubj
3	attract	attract	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 passenger	det
5	passenger	passenger	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 attract	obj
6	towards	towards	ADP	_	8 front	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 front	det
8	front	front	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 attract	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	attract	present	the brakes	the passenger				towards the front	vn lure-59.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent passenger=Patient

Option 2 · ✓ the right answer

The body of the passenger tends to continue in its state of motion

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 body	det
2	body	body	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 tends	nsubj
3	of	of	ADP	_	5 passenger	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 passenger	det
5	passenger	passenger	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 body	nmod
6	tends	tend	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
7	to	to	PART	_	8 continue	mark
8	continue	continue	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	6 tends	xcomp
9	in	in	ADP	_	11 state	case
10	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	11 state	nmod:poss
11	state	state	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 continue	obl
12	of	of	ADP	_	13 motion	case
13	motion	motion	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 state	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	tend	present	the body of the passenger						tree rules
2	continue	to-infinitive	the body of the passenger not said here			body's state of motion			vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Option 3

The seat exerts a forward force upon the passenger

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 seat	det
2	seat	seat	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 exerts	nsubj
3	exerts	exert	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 force	det
5	forward	forward	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 force	amod
6	force	force	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 exerts	obj
7	upon	upon	ADP	_	9 passenger	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 passenger	det
9	passenger	passenger	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 exerts	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	exert	present	the seat	a forward force				upon the passenger	vn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent force=Theme

Option 4

The air contained within the vehicle propels the passenger forwards

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 air	det
2	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 propels	nsubj
3	contained	contain	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 air	acl
4	within	within	ADP	_	6 vehicle	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 vehicle	det
6	vehicle	vehicle	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 contained	obl
7	propels	propel	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 forwards	det
9	passenger	passenger	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 forwards	compound
10	forwards	forward	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 propels	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	contain	participle		the air not said here				within the vehicle	vn comprise-107.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot
2	propel	present	the air	the passenger forwards					tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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