Exam question 1 · Taxes and local councils: bins, roads and schools

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises Value Added Tax in the United Kingdom?

Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · What happens: follow, characteris, add · To what, where: Value

This is exam question 1 of lesson 8 «Taxes and local councils: bins, roads and schools» of the politics course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	Value	value	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
10	Added	add	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	11 Tax	amod
11	Tax	tax	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 Value	conj
12	in	in	ADP	_	15 Kingdom	case
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 Kingdom	det
14	United	United	PROPN	_	15 Kingdom	flat
15	Kingdom	Kingdom	PROPN	Number=Sing	11 Tax	nmod
16	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund			vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present	Value and Added Tax in the United Kingdom	of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules
3	add speech: assert	participle			vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

A voluntary contribution made at the discretion of the purchaser

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 contribution	det
2	voluntary	voluntary	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 contribution	amod
3	contribution	contribution	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
4	made	make	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 contribution	acl
5	at	at	ADP	_	7 discretion	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 discretion	det
7	discretion	discretion	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 made	obl
8	of	of	ADP	_	10 purchaser	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 purchaser	det
10	purchaser	purchaser	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 discretion	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	make	participle		a voluntary contribution not said here		the discretion of the purchaser			vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset

Option 2

A charge levied exclusively upon food and children's clothing, and upon no other goods whatsoever, at one-fifth of the price

The tree, 22 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 charge	det
2	charge	charge	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	levied	levy	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 charge	acl
4	exclusively	exclusively	ADV	_	3 levied	advmod
5	upon	upon	ADP	_	6 food	case
6	food	food	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 levied	obl
7	and	and	CCONJ	_	10 clothing	cc
8	children	child	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 clothing	nmod:poss
9	's	's	PART	_	8 children	case
10	clothing	clothing	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 food	conj
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	16 goods	punct
12	and	and	CCONJ	_	16 goods	cc
13	upon	upon	ADP	_	16 goods	case
14	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	16 goods	det
15	other	other	ADJ	Degree=Pos	16 goods	amod
16	goods	goods	NOUN	Number=Ptan	2 charge	conj
17	whatsoever	whatsoever	ADV	_	16 goods	advmod
18	,	,	PUNCT	_	22 fifth	punct
19	at	at	ADP	_	22 fifth	case
20	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	22 fifth	nummod
21	-	-	PUNCT	_	20 one	punct
22	fifth	fifth	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 charge	conj
23	of	of	ADP	_	25 price	case
24	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	25 price	det
25	price	price	NOUN	Number=Sing	22 fifth	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	levy	participle		a charge and no other goods and one fifth of the price not said here				upon food and children's clothing; exclusively property	tree rules

Option 3 · ← Mova's choice

A tax added only at the point of sale, always left out of the displayed price, as with US sales tax

The tree, 21 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 tax	det
2	tax	tax	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	added	add	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 tax	acl
4	only	only	ADV	_	7 point	advmod
5	at	at	ADP	_	7 point	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 point	det
7	point	point	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 added	obl
8	of	of	ADP	_	9 sale	case
9	sale	sale	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 point	nmod
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 left	punct
11	always	always	ADV	PronType=Tot	12 left	advmod
12	left	leave	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	9 sale	acl
13	out	out	ADP	_	17 price	case
14	of	of	ADP	_	17 price	case
15	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	17 price	det
16	displayed	display	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	17 price	amod
17	price	price	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 left	obl
18	,	,	PUNCT	_	23 tax	punct
19	as	as	ADP	_	23 tax	case
20	with	with	ADP	_	23 tax	case
21	US	US	PROPN	Number=Sing	23 tax	compound
22	sales	sale	NOUN	Number=Plur	23 tax	compound
23	tax	tax	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 tax	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	add speech: assert	participle		a tax and US sales tax not said here	the point of sale		vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient
2	leave out	participle	sale not said here	the displayed price		always property	vn neglect-75.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent price=Theme
3	display	participle					vn reflexive_appearance-48.1.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
4	point			sale			nom point «cognition transitive»: of=patient

Option 4 · ✓ the right answer

A tax included within the displayed price of many goods, frequently amounting to one-fifth of that price

The tree, 18 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 tax	det
2	tax	tax	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	included	include	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 tax	acl
4	within	within	ADP	_	7 price	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 price	det
6	displayed	display	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	7 price	amod
7	price	price	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 included	obl
8	of	of	ADP	_	10 goods	case
9	many	many	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 goods	amod
10	goods	goods	NOUN	Number=Ptan	7 price	nmod
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 amounting	punct
12	frequently	frequently	ADV	_	13 amounting	advmod
13	amounting	amount	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	2 tax	acl
14	to	to	ADP	_	17 fifth	case
15	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	17 fifth	nummod
16	-	-	PUNCT	_	15 one	punct
17	fifth	fifth	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 amounting	obl
18	of	of	ADP	_	20 price	case
19	that	that	DET	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	20 price	det
20	price	price	NOUN	Number=Sing	17 fifth	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	include	participle		a tax not said here	within the displayed price of many goods	vn involve-107.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
2	display	participle				vn reflexive_appearance-48.1.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
3	amount	gerund	a tax not said here		to one fifth of that price; frequently property	vn register-54.1-1 «NP V PP.value»: agent=Theme to fifth=Value

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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