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Test 3 · ★★ · How to argue: reasons and evidence

Leah, who is Jewish, says: "We should give to the food bank because hungry families are harmed when there is no food." What kind of reason is this?

Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 3 · right ✓ · Who acts: Leah, We, this · What happens: be, say, give, harm · To what, where: food bank, hungry families, kind · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 3 · ★★ of lesson 39 «How to argue: reasons and evidence» of the religion ethics course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: Leah, who is Jewish, says: "We should give to the food bank because hungry families are harmed when there is no food."

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Leah	Leah	PROPN	Number=Sing	7 says	nsubj
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	5 Jewish	punct
3	who	who	PRON	PronType=Rel	5 Jewish	nsubj
4	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 Jewish	cop
5	Jewish	Jewish	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Leah	parataxis
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	1 Leah	punct
7	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
8	:	:	PUNCT	_	7 says	punct
9	"	"	PUNCT	_	12 give	punct
10	We	we	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	12 give	nsubj
11	should	should	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	12 give	aux
12	give	give	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	7 says	ccomp
13	to	to	ADP	_	16 bank	case
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	16 bank	det
15	food	food	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 bank	compound
16	bank	bank	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 give	obl
17	because	because	SCONJ	_	21 harmed	mark
18	hungry	hungry	ADJ	Degree=Pos	19 families	amod
19	families	family	NOUN	Number=Plur	21 harmed	nsubj:pass
20	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	21 harmed	aux:pass
21	harmed	harm	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	12 give	advcl
22	when	when	ADV	PronType=Int	24 is	advmod
23	there	there	PRON	PronType=Dem	24 is	expl
24	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	21 harmed	aux:pass
25	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	26 food	det
26	food	food	NOUN	Number=Sing	24 is	nsubj
27	.	.	PUNCT	_	12 give	punct
28	"	"	PUNCT	_	12 give	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	Leah					jewish property	tree rules
2	say speech: assert	present	Leah						vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
3	give in a quote	should	We		the food bank				vn give-13.1-1 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent to bank=Recipient
4	harm in a quote	present · passive		hungry families					vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Experiencer

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What kind of reason is this?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	DET	PronType=Int	2 kind	det
2	kind	kind	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	of	of	ADP	_	4 reason	case
4	reason	reason	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 kind	nmod
5	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 kind	cop
6	this	this	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	2 kind	nsubj
7	?	?	PUNCT	_	2 kind	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	this	what kind				of reason	tree rules

The options

Option 1

A weak "I want to" reason

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 weak	det
2	weak	weak	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
3	"	"	PUNCT	_	5 want	punct
4	I	I	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs	5 want	nsubj
5	want	want	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 weak	parataxis
6	to	to	ADP	_	8 reason	case
7	"	"	PUNCT	_	6 to	punct
8	reason	reason	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 want	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	want in a quote	present	I					to reason	vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent to reason=Attribute

Option 2

Not a reason, just a claim

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	3 reason	advmod
2	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 reason	det
3	reason	reason	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	7 claim	punct
5	just	just	ADV	_	7 claim	advmod
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 claim	det
7	claim	claim	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 reason	conj

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Option 3 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

A strong reason: harm

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 reason	det
2	strong	strong	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 reason	amod
3	reason	reason	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
4	:	:	PUNCT	_	5 harm	punct
5	harm	harm	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 reason	conj

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Option 4

A weak "everyone does it" reason

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 weak	det
2	weak	weak	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 reason	amod
3	"	"	PUNCT	_	5 does	punct
4	everyone	everyone	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Tot	5 does	nsubj
5	does	do	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 weak	parataxis
6	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	5 does	obj
7	"	"	PUNCT	_	5 does	punct
8	reason	reason	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	do in a quote	present	everyone	it					vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Eventuality

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/religion-ethics/39-how-to-argue-reasons-and-evidence/t3/