Test 9 · ★★ · How to argue: reasons and evidence

Which is the strongest argument?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · What happens: be · To what, where: strongest argument

This is test 9 · ★★ of lesson 39 «How to argue: reasons and evidence» of the religion ethics course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	5 argument	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 argument	cop
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 argument	det
4	strongest	strong	ADJ	Degree=Sup	5 argument	amod
5	argument	argument	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
6	?	?	PUNCT	_	5 argument	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present		the strongest argument					tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Littering is wrong because it harms animals; birds get caught in plastic rings

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Littering	littering	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 wrong	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 wrong	cop
3	wrong	wrong	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	because	because	SCONJ	_	6 harms	mark
5	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	6 harms	nsubj
6	harms	harm	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 wrong	advcl
7	animals	animal	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 harms	obj
8	;	;	PUNCT	_	11 caught	punct
9	birds	bird	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 caught	nsubj:pass
10	get	get	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	11 caught	aux:pass
11	caught	catch	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 wrong	conj
12	in	in	ADP	_	14 rings	case
13	plastic	plastic	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 rings	amod
14	rings	ring	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 caught	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	is	present	Littering			wrong property	tree rules
2	harm	present	Littering	animals			vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus animal=Experiencer
3	catch	present · passive		birds	plastic rings		vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme

Option 2

Littering is wrong, obviously, and anyone who disagrees is silly

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Littering	littering	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 wrong	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 wrong	cop
3	wrong	wrong	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	5 obviously	punct
5	obviously	obviously	ADV	_	3 wrong	advmod
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 silly	punct
7	and	and	CCONJ	_	12 silly	cc
8	anyone	anyone	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	12 silly	nsubj
9	who	who	PRON	PronType=Rel	10 disagrees	nsubj
10	disagrees	disagree	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 anyone	acl:relcl
11	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	12 silly	cop
12	silly	silly	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 wrong	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	other	roles by
1	is	present	Littering	obviously, wrong property	tree rules
2	disagree	present			vn correspond-36.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
3	is	present	anyone	silly property	tree rules

Option 3

Littering is wrong because everybody in my street says so, and they can't all be wrong

The tree, 17 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Littering	littering	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 wrong	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 wrong	cop
3	wrong	wrong	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	because	because	SCONJ	_	9 says	mark
5	everybody	everybody	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Tot	9 says	nsubj
6	in	in	ADP	_	8 street	case
7	my	my	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	8 street	nmod:poss
8	street	street	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 everybody	nmod
9	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 wrong	advcl
10	so	so	ADV	_	9 says	advmod
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	18 wrong	punct
12	and	and	CCONJ	_	18 wrong	cc
13	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	18 wrong	nsubj
14	ca	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	18 wrong	aux
15	n't	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	18 wrong	advmod
16	all	all	ADV	_	18 wrong	advmod
17	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	18 wrong	cop
18	wrong	wrong	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 wrong	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	other	roles by
1	is	present	Littering	wrong property	tree rules
2	say speech: assert	present	everybody		vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent
3	not is	can	they	all, wrong property	tree rules

Option 4

Littering is wrong because my mum says it is wrong and that is that

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Littering	littering	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 wrong	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 wrong	cop
3	wrong	wrong	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	because	because	SCONJ	_	7 says	mark
5	my	my	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	6 mum	nmod:poss
6	mum	mum	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 says	nsubj
7	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 wrong	advcl
8	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	10 wrong	nsubj
9	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	10 wrong	cop
10	wrong	wrong	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 says	ccomp
11	and	and	CCONJ	_	12 that	cc
12	that	that	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	10 wrong	conj
13	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 wrong	cop
14	that	that	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	3 wrong	nsubj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	other	roles by
1	is	present	Littering	wrong property	tree rules
2	say speech: assert	present	my mum		vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent
3	is	present	Littering	wrong property	tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/religion-ethics/39-how-to-argue-reasons-and-evidence/t9/