Exam question 1 · Why cheating hurts the cheat

Which of the following most accurately characterises the custom at ancient Olympia whereby fines levied upon cheats were applied?

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · What happens: follow, characteris, levy, apply · To what, where: custom, fines, ancient Olympia

This is exam question 1 of lesson 94 «Why cheating hurts the cheat» of the religion ethics course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	7 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	SCONJ	_	7 characterises	mark
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 characterises	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	7 characterises	csubj
5	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	6 accurately	advmod
6	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	7 characterises	advmod
7	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 custom	det
9	custom	custom	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 characterises	obj
10	at	at	ADP	_	12 Olympia	case
11	ancient	ancient	ADJ	Degree=Pos	12 Olympia	amod
12	Olympia	Olympia	PROPN	Number=Sing	19 applied	obl
13	whereby	whereby	ADV	PronType=Int	19 applied	advmod
14	fines	fine	NOUN	Number=Plur	19 applied	nsubj:pass
15	levied	levy	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	14 fines	acl
16	upon	upon	ADP	_	17 cheats	case
17	cheats	cheat	NOUN	Number=Plur	15 levied	obl
18	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	19 applied	aux:pass
19	applied	apply	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	7 characterises	advcl
20	?	?	PUNCT	_	7 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund				vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present	the custom		accurately property	tree rules
3	levy	participle	fines not said here		upon cheats	tree rules
4	apply	past · passive	fines	ancient Olympia	whereby property	vn put-9.1-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme at olympia=Destination

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

The award of additional prizes to the victorious athletes

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 award	det
2	award	award	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	of	of	ADP	_	5 prizes	case
4	additional	additional	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 prizes	amod
5	prizes	prize	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 award	nmod
6	to	to	ADP	_	9 athletes	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 athletes	det
8	victorious	victorious	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 athletes	amod
9	athletes	athlete	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 award	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	award			additional prizes				to the victorious athletes	nom award «act transitive»: of=patient to=obl

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice

The return of the fines to the offenders at the conclusion of the Games

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 return	det
2	return	return	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	of	of	ADP	_	5 fines	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 fines	det
5	fines	fine	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 return	nmod
6	to	to	ADP	_	8 offenders	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 offenders	det
8	offenders	offender	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 fines	nmod
9	at	at	ADP	_	11 conclusion	case
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 conclusion	det
11	conclusion	conclusion	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 return	nmod
12	of	of	ADP	_	14 Games	case
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	14 Games	det
14	Games	Game	PROPN	Number=Plur	11 conclusion	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	return		the fines to the offenders			the conclusion of the Games			nom return «communication intransitive»: of=agent at=place
2	conclude			the Games					nom conclusion «cognition transitive»: of=patient

Option 3

The construction of private residences for the judges

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 construction	det
2	construction	construction	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	of	of	ADP	_	5 residences	case
4	private	private	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 residences	amod
5	residences	residence	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 construction	nmod
6	for	for	ADP	_	8 judges	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 judges	det
8	judges	judge	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 residences	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	construct			private residences for the judges					nom construction «act transitive»: of=patient

Option 4 · ✓ the right answer

The erection of bronze statues of Zeus inscribed with the names of the offenders

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 erection	det
2	erection	erection	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 inscribed	nsubj
3	of	of	ADP	_	5 statues	case
4	bronze	bronze	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 statues	compound
5	statues	statue	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 erection	nmod
6	of	of	ADP	_	7 Zeus	case
7	Zeus	Zeus	PROPN	Number=Sing	5 statues	nmod
8	inscribed	inscribe	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	with	with	ADP	_	11 names	case
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 names	det
11	names	name	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 inscribed	obl
12	of	of	ADP	_	14 offenders	case
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	14 offenders	det
14	offenders	offender	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 names	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	inscribe	past	the erection of bronze statues of Zeus		with the names of the offenders	vn image_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.destination PP.theme»: agent=Agent with name=Theme
2	erect			bronze statues of Zeus		nom erection «state transitive»: of=patient
3	name			the offenders		nom name «communication transitive»: of=patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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