Test 3 · ★★★ · How we know: measuring the sky

Why would it be easier to measure parallax from a planet with a much bigger orbit than Earth?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · What happens: be, measure · To what, where: parallax, planet

This is test 3 · ★★★ of lesson 28 «How we know: measuring the sky» of the space course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Why	why	ADV	PronType=Int	5 easier	advmod
2	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	5 easier	aux
3	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	5 easier	expl
4	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	5 easier	cop
5	easier	easy	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	root	root
6	to	to	PART	_	7 measure	mark
7	measure	measure	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	5 easier	xcomp
8	parallax	parallax	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 measure	obj
9	from	from	ADP	_	11 planet	case
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	11 planet	det
11	planet	planet	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 measure	obl
12	with	with	ADP	_	16 orbit	case
13	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	16 orbit	det
14	much	much	ADV	_	15 bigger	advmod
15	bigger	big	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	16 orbit	amod
16	orbit	orbit	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 measure	obl
17	than	than	ADP	_	18 Earth	case
18	Earth	Earth	PROPN	Number=Sing	16 orbit	nmod
19	?	?	PUNCT	_	5 easier	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	would						easy property	tree rules
2	measure	to-infinitive		parallax		a planet		with a bigger orbit than Earth	vn register-54.1-2-1 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme parallax=Value

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Looking from two places farther apart makes the shift bigger

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Looking	look	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	7 makes	csubj
2	from	from	ADP	_	4 places	case
3	two	two	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	4 places	nummod
4	places	place	NOUN	Number=Plur	1 Looking	obl
5	farther	far	ADV	Degree=Cmp	6 apart	advmod
6	apart	apart	ADV	_	1 Looking	advmod
7	makes	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 shift	det
9	shift	shift	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 makes	obj
10	bigger	big	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	7 makes	xcomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	look	gerund						from two places; apart property	vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent from place=Theme
2	make	present	Looking	the shift				big property	vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset shift=Product

Option 2

Stars are closer to the bigger orbits, so they look larger

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Stars	star	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 closer	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 closer	cop
3	closer	close	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	root	root
4	to	to	ADP	_	7 orbits	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 orbits	det
6	bigger	big	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	7 orbits	amod
7	orbits	orbit	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 closer	obl
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 look	punct
9	so	so	ADV	_	11 look	advmod
10	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	11 look	nsubj
11	look	look	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 closer	parataxis
12	larger	large	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	11 look	xcomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	Stars					to the bigger orbits; close property	tree rules
2	look	present	Stars = star					large property	vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus

Option 3

Stars stand still for bigger planets, so they are easier to aim at

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Stars	star	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 stand	nsubj
2	stand	stand	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	still	still	ADV	_	2 stand	advmod
4	for	for	ADP	_	6 planets	case
5	bigger	big	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	6 planets	amod
6	planets	planet	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 stand	obl
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 easier	punct
8	so	so	ADV	_	11 easier	advmod
9	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	11 easier	nsubj
10	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	11 easier	cop
11	easier	easy	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	2 stand	conj
12	to	to	PART	_	13 aim	mark
13	aim	aim	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	11 easier	xcomp
14	at	at	ADP	_	13 aim	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	when	other	roles by
1	stand	present	Stars	still	for bigger planets	vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer for planet=Attribute
2	is	present	Stars = star		easy property	tree rules
3	aim	to-infinitive	Stars = star not said here			vn wish-62 «NP V for NP S_INF»: agent=Pivot

Option 4

The air is much clearer for planets with big orbits

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 air	det
2	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 clearer	nsubj
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 clearer	cop
4	much	much	ADV	_	5 clearer	advmod
5	clearer	clear	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	root	root
6	for	for	ADP	_	7 planets	case
7	planets	planet	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 clearer	obl
8	with	with	ADP	_	10 orbits	case
9	big	big	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 orbits	amod
10	orbits	orbit	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 clearer	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	the air					for planets; with big orbits; clear property	tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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