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Test 6 · ★★★ · How we know: measuring the sky

Two Cepheids pulse equally slowly, but one looks much dimmer. What can you conclude?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 3 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: Two Cepheids, one, you · What happens: pulse, look, conclude

This is test 6 · ★★★ of lesson 28 «How we know: measuring the sky» of the space course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: Two Cepheids pulse equally slowly, but one looks much dimmer.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Two	two	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	2 Cepheids	nummod
2	Cepheids	cepheid	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 pulse	nsubj
3	pulse	pulse	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	equally	equally	ADV	_	5 slowly	advmod
5	slowly	slowly	ADV	_	3 pulse	advmod
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	9 looks	punct
7	but	but	CCONJ	_	9 looks	cc
8	one	one	PRON	Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	9 looks	nsubj
9	looks	look	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 pulse	parataxis
10	much	much	ADV	_	11 dimmer	advmod
11	dimmer	dim	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	9 looks	xcomp
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 pulse	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	pulse	present	Two Cepheids					slowly property	vn modes_of_being_with_motion-47.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	look	present	one					dim property	vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What can you conclude?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	4 conclude	obj
2	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 conclude	aux
3	you	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	4 conclude	nsubj
4	conclude	conclude	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	?	?	PUNCT	_	4 conclude	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	conclude	can	you						vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent what=Theme

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

They must be the same distance

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	6 distance	nsubj
2	must	must	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	6 distance	aux
3	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	6 distance	cop
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 distance	det
5	same	same	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 distance	amod
6	distance	distance	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	must	They	the same distance					tree rules

Option 2

The dimmer one is younger

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 one	det
2	dimmer	dim	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	3 one	amod
3	one	one	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 younger	nsubj
4	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 younger	cop
5	younger	young	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	the dimmer one					young property	tree rules

Option 3 · ✓ the right answer

The dimmer one is much farther away

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 one	det
2	dimmer	dim	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	3 one	amod
3	one	one	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
4	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 farther	cop
5	much	much	ADV	_	6 farther	advmod
6	farther	far	ADV	Degree=Cmp	3 one	conj
7	away	away	ADV	_	6 farther	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present						away, far property	tree rules

Option 4

The dimmer one is much nearer

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 one	det
2	dimmer	dim	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	3 one	amod
3	one	one	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 nearer	nsubj
4	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 nearer	cop
5	much	much	ADV	_	6 nearer	advmod
6	nearer	near	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	the dimmer one					near property	tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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