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Test 7 · ★★★ · How we know: measuring the sky

Payne's result was first refused by other astronomers. What does her story show about science?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: other astronomers, Payne, story · What happens: refuse, result, show · To what, where: result

This is test 7 · ★★★ of lesson 28 «How we know: measuring the sky» of the space course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: Payne's result was first refused by other astronomers.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Payne	Payne	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 result	nmod:poss
2	's	's	PART	_	1 Payne	case
3	result	result	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 refused	nsubj:pass
4	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	6 refused	aux:pass
5	first	first	ADV	NumForm=Word NumType=Ord	6 refused	advmod
6	refused	refuse	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
7	by	by	ADP	_	9 astronomers	case
8	other	other	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 astronomers	amod
9	astronomers	astronomer	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 refused	obl
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 refused	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	refuse	past · passive	other astronomers	Payne's result				first property	vn reject-77.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme
2	result		Payne						nom result «phenomenon transitive»: poss=agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What does her story show about science?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	5 show	obj
2	does	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 show	aux
3	her	her	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	4 story	nmod:poss
4	story	story	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 show	nsubj
5	show	show	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	about	about	ADP	_	7 science	case
7	science	science	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 show	obl
8	?	?	PUNCT	_	5 show	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	show	present · do-support	result's story					about science	vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent what=Recipient about science=Topic

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Good evidence can win even when experts disagree at first

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Good	good	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 evidence	amod
2	evidence	evidence	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 win	nsubj
3	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 win	aux
4	win	win	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	even	even	ADV	_	8 disagree	advmod
6	when	when	SCONJ	_	8 disagree	mark
7	experts	expert	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 disagree	nsubj
8	disagree	disagree	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 win	ccomp
9	at	at	ADP	_	10 first	case
10	first	first	ADV	NumForm=Word NumType=Ord	8 disagree	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	win	can	Good evidence						tree rules
2	disagree	present	experts						vn correspond-36.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Option 2

Young scientists are always wrong

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Young	young	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 scientists	amod
2	scientists	scientist	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 wrong	nsubj
3	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 wrong	cop
4	always	always	ADV	PronType=Tot	5 wrong	advmod
5	wrong	wrong	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	Young scientists					always, wrong property	tree rules

Option 3

Once rejected, an idea is never accepted

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Once	once	ADV	NumForm=Word NumType=Mult	2 rejected	advmod
2	rejected	reject	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 accepted	advcl
3	,	,	PUNCT	_	2 rejected	punct
4	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 idea	det
5	idea	idea	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 accepted	nsubj:pass
6	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 accepted	aux:pass
7	never	never	ADV	PronType=Neg	8 accepted	advmod
8	accepted	accept	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	reject	participle						once property	vn reject-77.2-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent
2	not accept	present · passive		a idea					vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme

Option 4

Whatever famous experts say is always right in the end, every time

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Whatever	whatever	PRON	PronType=Rel	7 right	advcl
2	famous	famous	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 experts	amod
3	experts	expert	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 say	nsubj
4	say	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	1 Whatever	acl:relcl
5	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 right	cop
6	always	always	ADV	PronType=Tot	7 right	advmod
7	right	right	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
8	in	in	ADP	_	10 end	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 end	det
10	end	end	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 right	obl
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 time	punct
12	every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	13 time	det
13	time	time	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 right	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	say speech: assert	present	famous experts						vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent
2	is	present					in the end	always, right property	tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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