Exam question 3 · Why planes fly

Select the response consistent with the established facts concerning vapour trails.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: you, established facts · What happens: select, establish, concern · To what, where: response, vapour trails

This is exam question 3 of lesson 22 «Why planes fly» of the technology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Select	select	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 response	det
3	response	response	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Select	obj
4	consistent	consistent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Select	xcomp
5	with	with	ADP	_	8 facts	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 facts	det
7	established	establish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 facts	amod
8	facts	fact	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 consistent	obl
9	concerning	concern	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 facts	acl
10	vapour	vapour	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 trails	compound
11	trails	trail	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 concerning	obj
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Select	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	select	imperative	you not said here	the response	consistent property	vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent response=Theme
2	establish	participle				vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot
3	concern	gerund	the established facts not said here	vapour trails		vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus trail=Experiencer

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

They consist of water vapour from the engine exhaust which has frozen into ice crystals in cold, humid air

The tree, 19 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 consist	nsubj
2	consist	consist	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	of	of	ADP	_	5 vapour	case
4	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 vapour	compound
5	vapour	vapour	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 consist	obl
6	from	from	ADP	_	9 exhaust	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 exhaust	det
8	engine	engine	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 exhaust	compound
9	exhaust	exhaust	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 vapour	nmod
10	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	12 frozen	nsubj:pass
11	has	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	12 frozen	aux
12	frozen	freeze	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	9 exhaust	acl:relcl
13	into	into	ADP	_	15 crystals	case
14	ice	ice	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 crystals	compound
15	crystals	crystal	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 frozen	obl
16	in	in	ADP	_	20 air	case
17	cold	cold	ADJ	Degree=Pos	20 air	amod
18	,	,	PUNCT	_	17 cold	punct
19	humid	humid	ADJ	Degree=Pos	20 air	amod
20	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 frozen	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	consist	present	They					of water vapour from the engine exhaust	tree rules
2	freeze	present · perfect · passive		the engine exhaust		ice crystals		in cold humid air	vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Result

Option 2

They consist of smoke from fuel which has caught fire

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 consist	nsubj
2	consist	consist	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	of	of	ADP	_	4 smoke	case
4	smoke	smoke	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 consist	obl
5	from	from	ADP	_	6 fuel	case
6	fuel	fuel	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 consist	obl
7	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	9 caught	nsubj:pass
8	has	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	9 caught	aux
9	caught	catch	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	6 fuel	conj
10	fire	fire	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 caught	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	consist	present	They			fuel		of smoke	tree rules
2	catch	present · perfect · passive		fuel					vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP.beneficiary NP»: subject=Beneficiary fire=Theme

Option 3

They consist of chemical substances dispersed deliberately in order to modify the weather

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 consist	nsubj
2	consist	consist	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	of	of	ADP	_	5 substances	case
4	chemical	chemical	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 substances	amod
5	substances	substance	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 consist	obl
6	dispersed	disperse	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	5 substances	acl
7	deliberately	deliberately	ADV	_	6 dispersed	advmod
8	in	in	ADP	_	9 order	case
9	order	order	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 dispersed	obl
10	to	to	PART	_	11 modify	mark
11	modify	modify	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 consist	advcl
12	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	13 weather	det
13	weather	weather	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 modify	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	consist	present	They			of chemical substances	tree rules
2	disperse	participle		chemical substances not said here	order	deliberately property	vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
3	modify	to-infinitive	They not said here	the weather			vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent weather=Patient

Option 4

They consist of dust raised from the surface of the wings

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 consist	nsubj
2	consist	consist	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	of	of	ADP	_	4 dust	case
4	dust	dust	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 consist	obl
5	raised	raise	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 dust	acl
6	from	from	ADP	_	8 surface	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 surface	det
8	surface	surface	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 raised	obl
9	of	of	ADP	_	11 wings	case
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 wings	det
11	wings	wing	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 surface	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	consist	present	They					of dust	tree rules
2	raise	participle		dust not said here		the surface of the wings			vn put_direction-9.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent from surface=Destination

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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