Test 11 · ★ · Correlation is not cause: ice cream and sunburn
A headline: "Kids who own more books get better marks!" What should you ask first?
Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 3 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: Kids, you · What happens: own, get, ask · To what, where: more books, better marks
This is test 11 · ★ of lesson 180 «Correlation is not cause: ice cream and sunburn» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.
The question
Sentence 1: A headline: "Kids who own more books get better marks!"
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 2 headline | det |
| 2 | headline | headline | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 3 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 10 get | punct |
| 4 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 10 get | punct |
| 5 | Kids | kid | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 get | nsubj |
| 6 | who | who | PRON | PronType=Rel | 7 own | nsubj |
| 7 | own | own | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 Kids | acl:relcl |
| 8 | more | more | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 9 books | amod |
| 9 | books | book | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 own | obj |
| 10 | get | get | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 2 headline | appos |
| 11 | better | good | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 12 marks | amod |
| 12 | marks | mark | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 get | obj |
| 13 | ! | ! | PUNCT | _ | 2 headline | punct |
| 14 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 2 headline | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | own in a quote | present | Kids | more books | vn own-100.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot book=Theme | ||||
| 2 | get in a quote | present | Kids | better marks | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer mark=Stimulus |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Sentence 2: What should you ask first?
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | What | what | PRON | PronType=Int | 4 ask | obj |
| 2 | should | should | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 4 ask | aux |
| 3 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 4 ask | nsubj |
| 4 | ask | ask | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | root | root |
| 5 | first | first | ADV | NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 4 ask | advmod |
| 6 | ? | ? | PUNCT | _ | 4 ask | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ask speech: ask | should | you | first property | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent what=Recipient |
The options
Option 1 · ← Mova's choice
How heavy are all the books if you weigh them?
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | How | how | ADV | PronType=Int | 2 heavy | advmod |
| 2 | heavy | heavy | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 books | amod |
| 3 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 6 books | cop |
| 4 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 6 books | det:predet |
| 5 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 6 books | det |
| 6 | books | book | NOUN | Number=Plur | 9 weigh | nsubj |
| 7 | if | if | SCONJ | _ | 9 weigh | mark |
| 8 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 9 weigh | nsubj |
| 9 | weigh | weigh | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 10 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 9 weigh | obj |
| 11 | ? | ? | PUNCT | _ | 9 weigh | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is a | present | all heavy books | tree rules | |||||
| 2 | weigh | present | all heavy books | them = they | vn register-54.1-2-1 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme they=Value |
Option 2
Which of the books have the nicest, shiniest covers?
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 5 have | obj |
| 2 | of | of | ADP | _ | 4 books | case |
| 3 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 4 books | det |
| 4 | books | book | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 have | nsubj |
| 5 | have | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 6 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 7 nicest | det |
| 7 | nicest | nice | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 5 have | obj |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 10 covers | punct |
| 9 | shiniest | shiny | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 10 covers | amod |
| 10 | covers | cover | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 have | obl |
| 11 | ? | ? | PUNCT | _ | 5 have | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | have | present | the books | the nicest | shiniest covers obl | tree rules |
Option 3 · ✓ the right answer
What else is different about those families?
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | What | what | PRON | PronType=Int | 4 different | nsubj |
| 2 | else | else | ADV | _ | 1 What | advmod |
| 3 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 different | cop |
| 4 | different | different | ADJ | Degree=Pos | root | root |
| 5 | about | about | ADP | _ | 7 families | case |
| 6 | those | that | DET | Number=Plur PronType=Dem | 7 families | det |
| 7 | families | family | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 different | obl |
| 8 | ? | ? | PUNCT | _ | 4 different | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | present | about that families; different property | tree rules |
Option 4
Are the books brand new or bought second-hand?
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 new | cop |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 books | det |
| 3 | books | book | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 new | nsubj |
| 4 | brand | brand | ADV | _ | 5 new | advmod |
| 5 | new | new | ADJ | Degree=Pos | root | root |
| 6 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 7 bought | cc |
| 7 | bought | buy | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 5 new | conj |
| 8 | second | second | ADJ | Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 10 hand | amod |
| 9 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 8 second | punct |
| 10 | hand | hand | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 bought | obj |
| 11 | ? | ? | PUNCT | _ | 5 new | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | present | the books | brand, new property | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | buy | participle | the books not said here | second hand | vn accept-77.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hand=Theme |
Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/world/180-correlation-is-not-cause-ice-cream-and-sunburn/t11/