Exam question 3 · Some, all, none and "not all"

Identify the flaw in the argument that, since all cats are animals and all dogs are animals, all cats are dogs.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: you, cats, dogs · What happens: identify, be · To what, where: flaw, argument, animals, dogs

This is exam question 3 of lesson 185 «Some, all, none and "not all"» of the world course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Identify	identify	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 flaw	det
3	flaw	flaw	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Identify	obj
4	in	in	ADP	_	6 argument	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 argument	det
6	argument	argument	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Identify	obl
7	that	that	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	1 Identify	obj
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 animals	punct
9	since	since	ADP	_	13 animals	case
10	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	11 cats	det
11	cats	cat	NOUN	Number=Plur	13 animals	nsubj
12	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	13 animals	cop
13	animals	animal	NOUN	Number=Plur	1 Identify	obl
14	and	and	CCONJ	_	18 animals	cc
15	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	16 dogs	det
16	dogs	dog	NOUN	Number=Plur	18 animals	nsubj
17	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	18 animals	cop
18	animals	animal	NOUN	Number=Plur	13 animals	conj
19	,	,	PUNCT	_	23 dogs	punct
20	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	21 cats	det
21	cats	cat	NOUN	Number=Plur	23 dogs	nsubj
22	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	23 dogs	cop
23	dogs	dog	NOUN	Number=Plur	13 animals	conj
24	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Identify	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	when	roles by
1	identify	imperative	you not said here	the flaw	the argument		tree rules
2	is	present	all cats			since animals and animals and dogs	tree rules
3	is a	present	all dogs	animals			tree rules
4	is a	present	all cats	dogs			tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

The premise that dogs are animals is false

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 premise	det
2	premise	premise	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 false	nsubj
3	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	4 dogs	det
4	dogs	dog	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 animals	nsubj
5	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 animals	cop
6	animals	animal	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 premise	conj
7	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 false	cop
8	false	false	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	that dogs	animals					tree rules
2	is	present	the premise and animals					false property	tree rules

Option 2

The premise that cats are animals is false

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 premise	det
2	premise	premise	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 false	nsubj
3	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	4 cats	det
4	cats	cat	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 animals	nsubj
5	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 animals	cop
6	animals	animal	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 premise	conj
7	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 false	cop
8	false	false	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	that cats	animals					tree rules
2	is	present	the premise and animals					false property	tree rules

Option 3

The argument contains no flaw

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 argument	det
2	argument	argument	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 contains	nsubj
3	contains	contain	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	5 flaw	det
5	flaw	flaw	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 contains	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	contain	present	the argument	no flaw					vn comprise-107.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot flaw=Theme

Option 4 · ✓ the right answer

Membership of a common group does not establish identity

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Membership	membership	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 establish	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 group	case
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 group	det
4	common	common	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 group	amod
5	group	group	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Membership	nmod
6	does	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 establish	aux
7	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	8 establish	advmod
8	establish	establish	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
9	identity	identity	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 establish	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not establish	present · do-support	Membership of a common group	identity					vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent identity=Patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/world/185-some-all-none-and-not-all/e3/