Exam question 4 · "How do you know?"

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the cause of the common cold?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · What happens: follow, characteris, cause · To what, where: cause, common cold

This is exam question 4 of lesson 186 «"How do you know?"» of the world course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 cause	det
10	cause	cause	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
11	of	of	ADP	_	14 cold	case
12	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	14 cold	det
13	common	common	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 cold	amod
14	cold	cold	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 cause	nmod
15	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund			vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present	the cause of the common cold	of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules
3	cause		the common cold		nom cause «event transitive»: of=patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

It is caused by viruses transmitted from other persons

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 caused	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 caused	aux:pass
3	caused	cause	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	by	by	ADP	_	5 viruses	case
5	viruses	virus	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 caused	obl
6	transmitted	transmit	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	5 viruses	acl
7	from	from	ADP	_	9 persons	case
8	other	other	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 persons	amod
9	persons	person	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 transmitted	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	cause	present · passive	viruses	It					vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition subject=Patient
2	transmit	participle		viruses not said here				from other persons	vn send-11.1-1 «NP V NP PP.initial_location»: agent=Agent from person=Initial_Location

Option 2

It is caused by going outdoors with wet hair

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 caused	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 caused	aux:pass
3	caused	cause	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	by	by	SCONJ	_	5 going	mark
5	going	go	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	3 caused	advcl
6	outdoors	outdoors	ADV	_	5 going	advmod
7	with	with	ADP	_	9 hair	case
8	wet	wet	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 hair	amod
9	hair	hair	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 going	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	cause	present · passive		It					vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient
2	go	gerund						with wet hair; outdoors property	vn help-72.1-2 «NP V PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent with hair=Beneficiary

Option 3

It is caused by cold weather alone

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 caused	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 caused	aux:pass
3	caused	cause	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	by	by	ADP	_	6 weather	case
5	cold	cold	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 weather	amod
6	weather	weather	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 caused	obl
7	alone	alone	ADV	_	3 caused	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	cause	present · passive	cold weather	It				alone property	vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition subject=Patient

Option 4

It is caused by the consumption of ice cream

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 caused	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 caused	aux:pass
3	caused	cause	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	by	by	ADP	_	6 consumption	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 consumption	det
6	consumption	consumption	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 caused	obl
7	of	of	ADP	_	9 cream	case
8	ice	ice	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 cream	compound
9	cream	cream	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 consumption	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	cause	present · passive	the consumption of ice cream	It					vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition subject=Patient
2	consume			ice cream					nom consumption «act transitive»: of=patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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