Test 1 · ★ · One counterexample is enough The friend: "It's a swan, bro, and it's black. 'All' just died." What is the fair thing for Freddie to say?
Mova's choice: option 4 · The right answer: option 1 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: It, friend, All, fair thing · What happens: be, die, say · To what, where: swan · Speech: someone speaks here
This is test 1 · ★ of lesson 187 «One counterexample is enough» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school .
The question Sentence 1: The friend: "It's a swan, bro, and it's black. '
det nsubj punct punct nsubj cop det conj punct conj punct cc nsubj cop punct punct root The DET friend NOUN : PUNCT " PUNCT It PRON 's AUX a DET swan NOUN , PUNCT bro NOUN , PUNCT and CCONJ it PRON 's AUX black ADJ . PUNCT ' PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 friend det 2 friend friend NOUN Number=Sing 15 black nsubj 3 : : PUNCT _ 8 swan punct 4 " " PUNCT _ 8 swan punct 5 It it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 8 swan nsubj 6 's be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 swan cop 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 swan det 8 swan swan NOUN Number=Sing 2 friend conj 9 , , PUNCT _ 10 bro punct 10 bro bro NOUN Number=Sing 8 swan conj 11 , , PUNCT _ 15 black punct 12 and and CCONJ _ 15 black cc 13 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 15 black nsubj 14 's be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 15 black cop 15 black black ADJ Degree=Pos root root 16 . . PUNCT _ 15 black punct 17 ' ' PUNCT _ 15 black punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a in a quote present It a swan and bro tree rules 2 is in a quote present the friend and a swan and bro black property tree rules
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Sentence 2: All' just died."
nsubj punct advmod punct punct root All DET ' PUNCT just ADV died VERB . PUNCT " PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 All all DET PronType=Tot 4 died nsubj 2 ' ' PUNCT _ 4 died punct 3 just just ADV _ 4 died advmod 4 died die VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 . . PUNCT _ 4 died punct 6 " " PUNCT _ 4 died punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 die past All vn calibratable_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute
Sentence 3: What is the fair thing for Freddie to say?
cop det amod nsubj case nmod mark acl punct root What PRON is AUX the DET fair ADJ thing NOUN for ADP Freddie PROPN to PART say VERB ? PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 What what PRON PronType=Int root root 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 1 What cop 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 thing det 4 fair fair ADJ Degree=Pos 5 thing amod 5 thing thing NOUN Number=Sing 1 What nsubj 6 for for ADP _ 7 Freddie case 7 Freddie Freddie PROPN Number=Sing 5 thing nmod 8 to to PART _ 9 say mark 9 say say VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 thing acl 10 ? ? PUNCT _ 1 What punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present the fair thing for Freddie tree rules 2 say speech: assert to-infinitive the fair thing for Freddie not said here vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent
The options Option 1 · ✓ the right answer "OK, not all swans are white."
punct discourse punct advmod det nsubj cop punct punct root " PUNCT OK INTJ , PUNCT not PART all DET swans NOUN are AUX white ADJ . PUNCT " PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 " " PUNCT _ 8 white punct 2 OK ok INTJ _ 8 white discourse 3 , , PUNCT _ 2 OK punct 4 not not PART Polarity=Neg 8 white advmod 5 all all DET PronType=Tot 6 swans det 6 swans swan NOUN Number=Plur 8 white nsubj 7 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 white cop 8 white white ADJ Degree=Pos root root 9 . . PUNCT _ 8 white punct 10 " " PUNCT _ 8 white punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not is in a quote present all swans white property tree rules
Option 2 "Black swans are painted."
punct amod nsubj aux:pass punct punct root " PUNCT Black ADJ swans NOUN are AUX painted VERB . PUNCT " PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 " " PUNCT _ 5 painted punct 2 Black black ADJ Degree=Pos 3 swans amod 3 swans swan NOUN Number=Plur 5 painted nsubj 4 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 painted aux:pass 5 painted paint VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 6 . . PUNCT _ 5 painted punct 7 " " PUNCT _ 5 painted punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 paint in a quote present · passive Black swans vn image_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.destination»: subject=Destination
Option 3 "That swan doesn't count, bro."
punct det nsubj aux advmod punct obj punct punct root " PUNCT That DET swan NOUN does AUX n't PART count VERB , PUNCT bro NOUN . PUNCT " PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 " " PUNCT _ 6 count punct 2 That that DET Number=Sing PronType=Dem 3 swan det 3 swan swan NOUN Number=Sing 6 count nsubj 4 does do AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 count aux 5 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 6 count advmod 6 count count VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 7 , , PUNCT _ 8 bro punct 8 bro bro NOUN Number=Sing 6 count obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 6 count punct 10 " " PUNCT _ 6 count punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not count in a quote present · do-support that swan bro vn multiply-108 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bro=Theme
Option 4 · ← Mova's choice "One swan proves nothing."
punct nummod nsubj obj punct punct root " PUNCT One NUM swan NOUN proves VERB nothing PRON . PUNCT " PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 " " PUNCT _ 4 proves punct 2 One one NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 3 swan nummod 3 swan swan NOUN Number=Sing 4 proves nsubj 4 proves prove VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 nothing nothing PRON Number=Sing PronType=Neg 4 proves obj 6 . . PUNCT _ 4 proves punct 7 " " PUNCT _ 4 proves punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 prove in a quote present One swan nothing vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent nothing=Theme
Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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