Exam question 2 · One counterexample is enough
It is given that black swans are found in Australia. Select the response consistent with the established facts concerning the assertion that all swans are white.
Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: you, established facts, assertion · What happens: give, find, select, establish, concern, be · To what, where: It, black swans, Australia, response, assertion
This is exam question 2 of lesson 187 «One counterexample is enough» of the world course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.
The question
Sentence 1: It is given that black swans are found in Australia.
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | It | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 3 given | nsubj:pass |
| 2 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 given | aux:pass |
| 3 | given | give | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 4 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 8 found | mark |
| 5 | black | black | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 swans | amod |
| 6 | swans | swan | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 found | nsubj:pass |
| 7 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 8 found | aux:pass |
| 8 | found | find | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 3 given | advcl |
| 9 | in | in | ADP | _ | 10 Australia | case |
| 10 | Australia | Australia | PROPN | Number=Sing | 8 found | obl |
| 11 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 given | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | give | present · passive | It | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme | |||||
| 2 | find | present · passive | black swans | Australia | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Sentence 2: Select the response consistent with the established facts concerning the assertion that all swans are white.
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Select | select | VERB | Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 response | det |
| 3 | response | response | NOUN | Number=Sing | 1 Select | obj |
| 4 | consistent | consistent | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 1 Select | xcomp |
| 5 | with | with | ADP | _ | 8 facts | case |
| 6 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 8 facts | det |
| 7 | established | establish | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 8 facts | amod |
| 8 | facts | fact | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 consistent | obl |
| 9 | concerning | concern | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 8 facts | acl |
| 10 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 11 assertion | det |
| 11 | assertion | assertion | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 concerning | obj |
| 12 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 16 white | nsubj |
| 13 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 14 swans | det |
| 14 | swans | swan | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 white | nsubj |
| 15 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 16 white | cop |
| 16 | white | white | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 11 assertion | acl:relcl |
| 17 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 1 Select | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | select | imperative | you not said here | the response | consistent property | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent response=Theme | |||
| 2 | establish | participle | vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot | ||||||
| 3 | concern | gerund | the established facts not said here | the assertion | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus assertion=Experiencer | ||||
| 4 | is | present | the assertion | white property | tree rules |
The options
Option 1 · ← Mova's choice
The assertion remains true
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 assertion | det |
| 2 | assertion | assertion | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 remains | nsubj |
| 3 | remains | remain | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | true | true | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 remains | xcomp |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | remain | present | the assertion | true property | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
Option 2 · ✓ the right answer
The assertion is false
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 assertion | det |
| 2 | assertion | assertion | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 false | nsubj |
| 3 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 false | cop |
| 4 | false | false | ADJ | Degree=Pos | root | root |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | present | the assertion | false property | tree rules |
Option 3
The assertion is true of Australian swans only
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 assertion | det |
| 2 | assertion | assertion | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 true | nsubj |
| 3 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 true | cop |
| 4 | true | true | ADJ | Degree=Pos | root | root |
| 5 | of | of | ADP | _ | 7 swans | case |
| 6 | Australian | Australian | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 7 swans | amod |
| 7 | swans | swan | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 true | obl |
| 8 | only | only | ADV | _ | 7 swans | advmod |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | present | the assertion | of Australian swans; true property | tree rules |
Option 4
No conclusion may be drawn
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | No | no | DET | PronType=Neg | 2 conclusion | det |
| 2 | conclusion | conclusion | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 drawn | nsubj:pass |
| 3 | may | may | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 5 drawn | aux |
| 4 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 5 drawn | aux:pass |
| 5 | drawn | draw | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | draw | may · passive | no conclusion | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/world/187-one-counterexample-is-enough/e2/