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Test 12 · ★ · One counterexample is enough

In a cartoon a scientist sees one purple cow and shouts, "So ALL cows are purple!" What is the mistake?

Mova's choice: option 4 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: scientist, cows, mistake · What happens: see, shout, be · To what, where: one purple cow, cartoon · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 12 · ★ of lesson 187 «One counterexample is enough» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: In a cartoon a scientist sees one purple cow and shouts, "So ALL cows are purple!"

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	In	in	ADP	_	3 cartoon	case
2	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 cartoon	det
3	cartoon	cartoon	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 sees	obl
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 scientist	det
5	scientist	scientist	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 sees	nsubj
6	sees	see	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
7	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	9 cow	nummod
8	purple	purple	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 cow	amod
9	cow	cow	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 sees	obj
10	and	and	CCONJ	_	11 shouts	cc
11	shouts	shout	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 sees	conj
12	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 shouts	punct
13	"	"	PUNCT	_	18 purple	punct
14	So	so	ADV	_	18 purple	advmod
15	ALL	all	DET	PronType=Tot	16 cows	det
16	cows	cow	NOUN	Number=Plur	18 purple	nsubj
17	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	18 purple	cop
18	purple	purple	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 sees	parataxis
19	!	!	PUNCT	_	18 purple	punct
20	"	"	PUNCT	_	18 purple	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	see	present	a scientist	one purple cow		a cartoon			tree rules
2	shout speech: express	present	a scientist not said here						vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent
3	is in a quote	present	all cows					purple property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What is the mistake?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	root	root
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	1 What	cop
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 mistake	det
4	mistake	mistake	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 What	nsubj
5	?	?	PUNCT	_	1 What	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	the mistake						tree rules

The options

Option 1

One example always proves "all"

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	One	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	2 example	nummod
2	example	example	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 proves	nsubj
3	always	always	ADV	PronType=Tot	4 proves	advmod
4	proves	prove	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	"	"	PUNCT	_	6 all	punct
6	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	4 proves	obj
7	"	"	PUNCT	_	4 proves	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	prove	present	One example	all				always property	vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent all=Theme

Option 2 · ✓ the right answer

One example can break "all", but it can't prove "all"

The tree, 11 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	One	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	2 example	nummod
2	example	example	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 break	nsubj
3	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 break	aux
4	break	break	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	"	"	PUNCT	_	6 all	punct
6	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	4 break	obj
7	"	"	PUNCT	_	6 all	punct
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 prove	punct
9	but	but	CCONJ	_	13 prove	cc
10	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	13 prove	nsubj
11	ca	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	13 prove	aux
12	n't	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	13 prove	advmod
13	prove	prove	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	4 break	parataxis
14	"	"	PUNCT	_	15 all	punct
15	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	13 prove	obj
16	"	"	PUNCT	_	13 prove	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	break	can	One example	all					vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer all=Patient
2	not prove	can	example	all					vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent all=Theme

Option 3

Cows can't be purple in cartoons

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Cows	cow	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 purple	nsubj
2	ca	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	5 purple	aux
3	n't	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	5 purple	advmod
4	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	5 purple	cop
5	purple	purple	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
6	in	in	ADP	_	7 cartoons	case
7	cartoons	cartoon	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 purple	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not is	can	Cows			cartoons		purple property	tree rules

Option 4 · ← Mova's choice

Scientists never look at cows

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Scientists	scientist	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 look	nsubj
2	never	never	ADV	PronType=Neg	3 look	advmod
3	look	look	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	at	at	ADP	_	5 cows	case
5	cows	cow	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 look	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not look	present	Scientists					at cows	vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent at cow=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/world/187-one-counterexample-is-enough/t12/