Test 3 · ★ · One counterexample is enough Leo's sister: "It's literally hopping about on mud, Leo. Fish said 'nah'." What is the better rule?
Mova's choice: option 4 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: It, Fish, better rule · What happens: hop about, say, be · To what, where: mud · Speech: someone speaks here
This is test 3 · ★ of lesson 187 «One counterexample is enough» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school .
The question Sentence 1: Leo's sister: "It's literally hopping about on mud, Leo.
nmod:poss case punct punct nsubj aux advmod conj advmod case obl punct parataxis punct root Leo PROPN 's PART sister NOUN : PUNCT " PUNCT It PRON 's AUX literally ADV hopping VERB about ADV on ADP mud NOUN , PUNCT Leo PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Leo Leo PROPN Number=Sing 3 sister nmod:poss 2 's 's PART _ 1 Leo case 3 sister sister NOUN Number=Sing root root 4 : : PUNCT _ 3 sister punct 5 " " PUNCT _ 9 hopping punct 6 It it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 9 hopping nsubj 7 's be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 hopping aux 8 literally literally ADV _ 9 hopping advmod 9 hopping hop VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 3 sister conj 10 about about ADV _ 9 hopping advmod 11 on on ADP _ 12 mud case 12 mud mud NOUN Number=Sing 9 hopping obl 13 , , PUNCT _ 14 Leo punct 14 Leo Leo PROPN Number=Sing 3 sister parataxis 15 . . PUNCT _ 3 sister punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 hop about in a quote present · progressive It mud about, literally property vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on mud=Trajectory
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Sentence 2: Fish said 'nah'."
nsubj punct ccomp punct punct punct root Fish NOUN said VERB ' PUNCT nah INTJ ' PUNCT . PUNCT " PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Fish fish NOUN Number=Plur 2 said nsubj 2 said say VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 ' ' PUNCT _ 4 nah punct 4 nah nah INTJ _ 2 said ccomp 5 ' ' PUNCT _ 4 nah punct 6 . . PUNCT _ 2 said punct 7 " " PUNCT _ 2 said punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 say speech: assert past Fish vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent
Sentence 3: What is the better rule?
cop det amod nsubj punct root What PRON is AUX the DET better ADJ rule NOUN ? PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 What what PRON PronType=Int root root 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 1 What cop 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 rule det 4 better good ADJ Degree=Cmp 5 rule amod 5 rule rule NOUN Number=Sing 1 What nsubj 6 ? ? PUNCT _ 1 What punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present the better rule tree rules
The options Option 1 "No fish ever leaves water"
punct det nsubj advmod obj punct root " PUNCT No DET fish NOUN ever ADV leaves VERB water NOUN " PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 " " PUNCT _ 5 leaves punct 2 No no DET PronType=Neg 3 fish det 3 fish fish NOUN Number=Sing 5 leaves nsubj 4 ever ever ADV PronType=Ind 5 leaves advmod 5 leaves leave VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 6 water water NOUN Number=Sing 5 leaves obj 7 " " PUNCT _ 5 leaves punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 leave in a quote present no fish water ever vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent water=Theme
Option 2 · ✓ the right answer "Most fish stay in water"
punct amod nsubj case obl punct root " PUNCT Most ADJ fish NOUN stay VERB in ADP water NOUN " PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 " " PUNCT _ 4 stay punct 2 Most most ADJ Degree=Sup 3 fish amod 3 fish fish NOUN Number=Plur 4 stay nsubj 4 stay stay VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 in in ADP _ 6 water case 6 water water NOUN Number=Sing 4 stay obl 7 " " PUNCT _ 4 stay punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 stay in a quote present Most fish water vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in water=Location
Option 3 "Fish only live on mud"
punct nsubj advmod case obl punct root " PUNCT Fish NOUN only ADV live VERB on ADP mud NOUN " PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 " " PUNCT _ 4 live punct 2 Fish fish NOUN Number=Plur 4 live nsubj 3 only only ADV _ 4 live advmod 4 live live VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 on on ADP _ 6 mud case 6 mud mud NOUN Number=Sing 4 live obl 7 " " PUNCT _ 4 live punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 live in a quote present Fish mud vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on mud=Location
Option 4 · ← Mova's choice "Mudskippers aren't fish"
punct nsubj cop advmod punct root " PUNCT Mudskippers NOUN are AUX n't PART fish NOUN " PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 " " PUNCT _ 5 fish punct 2 Mudskippers mudskipper NOUN Number=Plur 5 fish nsubj 3 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 fish cop 4 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 5 fish advmod 5 fish fish NOUN Number=Plur root root 6 " " PUNCT _ 5 fish punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not is a in a quote present Mudskippers fish tree rules
Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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