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Test 1 · Rocks, minerals and fossils

A cliff shows many flat layers of rock, and the layer at the bottom holds fossils of fish. Which is most likely true?

Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 3 · right ✓ · Who acts: cliff, layer · What happens: show, hold, be · To what, where: many flat layers, fossils

This is test 1 of lesson 61 «Rocks, minerals and fossils» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: A cliff shows many flat layers of rock, and the layer at the bottom holds fossils of fish.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 cliff	det
2	cliff	cliff	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 shows	nsubj
3	shows	show	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	many	many	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 layers	amod
5	flat	flat	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 layers	amod
6	layers	layer	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 shows	obj
7	of	of	ADP	_	8 rock	case
8	rock	rock	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 layers	nmod
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	16 holds	punct
10	and	and	CCONJ	_	16 holds	cc
11	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 layer	det
12	layer	layer	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 holds	nsubj
13	at	at	ADP	_	15 bottom	case
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 bottom	det
15	bottom	bottom	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 layer	nmod
16	holds	hold	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 shows	conj
17	fossils	fossil	NOUN	Number=Plur	16 holds	obj
18	of	of	ADP	_	19 fish	case
19	fish	fish	NOUN	Number=Sing	17 fossils	nmod
20	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 shows	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	show	present	a cliff	many flat layers of rock					vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent layer=Recipient
2	hold	present	the layer at the bottom	fossils of fish					vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fossil=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: Which is most likely true?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	5 true	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 true	cop
3	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	4 likely	advmod
4	likely	likely	ADV	_	5 true	advmod
5	true	true	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
6	?	?	PUNCT	_	5 true	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present						likely, true property	tree rules

The options

Option 1

The fish swam into the rock after it hardened

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 fish	det
2	fish	fish	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 swam	nsubj
3	swam	swim	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	into	into	ADP	_	6 rock	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 rock	det
6	rock	rock	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 swam	obl
7	after	after	SCONJ	_	9 hardened	mark
8	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	9 hardened	nsubj
9	hardened	harden	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 swam	advcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	swim	past	the fish			the rock			vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme into rock=Destination
2	harden	past	fish						vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient

Option 2

All the layers formed together in a single day of flooding

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	All	all	DET	PronType=Tot	3 layers	det:predet
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 layers	det
3	layers	layer	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 formed	nsubj
4	formed	form	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	together	together	ADV	_	4 formed	advmod
6	in	in	ADP	_	9 day	case
7	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 day	det
8	single	single	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 day	amod
9	day	day	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 formed	obl
10	of	of	ADP	_	11 flooding	case
11	flooding	flooding	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 day	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	form	past	all layers				day	together property	vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Option 3 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

The bottom layer is older than the layers above it

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 layer	det
2	bottom	bottom	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 layer	compound
3	layer	layer	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 older	nsubj
4	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 older	cop
5	older	old	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	root	root
6	than	than	ADP	_	8 layers	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 layers	det
8	layers	layer	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 older	obl
9	above	above	ADP	_	10 it	case
10	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	8 layers	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	the bottom layer					than the layers above it; old property	tree rules

Option 4

The top layer is the oldest one

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 layer	det
2	top	top	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 layer	amod
3	layer	layer	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 one	nsubj
4	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 one	cop
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 one	det
6	oldest	old	ADJ	Degree=Sup	7 one	amod
7	one	one	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	the top layer	the oldest one					tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/world/61-rocks-minerals-fossils/t1/