Test 4 · ★ · Birds: feathers, nests and flight
A bird with very broad wings circles high without flapping on a sunny day. How does it stay up?
Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: it · What happens: flap, stay up
This is test 4 · ★ of lesson 73 «Birds: feathers, nests and flight» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.
The question
Sentence 1: A bird with very broad wings circles high without flapping on a sunny day.
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 2 bird | det |
| 2 | bird | bird | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 circles | compound |
| 3 | with | with | ADP | _ | 6 wings | case |
| 4 | very | very | ADV | _ | 5 broad | advmod |
| 5 | broad | broad | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 wings | amod |
| 6 | wings | wing | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 bird | nmod |
| 7 | circles | circle | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 high | nsubj |
| 8 | high | high | ADJ | Degree=Pos | root | root |
| 9 | without | without | SCONJ | _ | 10 flapping | mark |
| 10 | flapping | flap | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 8 high | advcl |
| 11 | on | on | ADP | _ | 14 day | case |
| 12 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 14 day | det |
| 13 | sunny | sunny | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 14 day | amod |
| 14 | day | day | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 flapping | obl |
| 15 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 8 high | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | flap | gerund | day | vn body_internal_motion-49.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Sentence 2: How does it stay up?
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | How | how | ADV | PronType=Int | 4 stay | advmod |
| 2 | does | do | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 stay | aux |
| 3 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 4 stay | nsubj |
| 4 | stay | stay | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | root | root |
| 5 | up | up | ADP | _ | 4 stay | compound:prt |
| 6 | ? | ? | PUNCT | _ | 4 stay | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | stay up | present · do-support | it | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
The options
Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer
It rides on warm air rising from the ground
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | It | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 2 rides | nsubj |
| 2 | rides | ride | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | on | on | ADP | _ | 5 air | case |
| 4 | warm | warm | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 5 air | amod |
| 5 | air | air | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 rides | obl |
| 6 | rising | rise | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 5 air | acl |
| 7 | from | from | ADP | _ | 9 ground | case |
| 8 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 9 ground | det |
| 9 | ground | ground | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 rising | obl |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ride | present | It | warm air | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2 «NP.agent V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 2 | rise | gerund | warm air not said here | the ground | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme from ground=Initial_Location |
Option 2
It is lighter than the air around it
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | It | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 3 lighter | nsubj |
| 2 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 lighter | cop |
| 3 | lighter | light | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | root | root |
| 4 | than | than | ADP | _ | 6 air | case |
| 5 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 6 air | det |
| 6 | air | air | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 lighter | obl |
| 7 | around | around | ADP | _ | 8 it | case |
| 8 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 3 lighter | obl |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | present | It | air | than the air; light property | tree rules |
Option 3
It is pulled up by the Sun
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | It | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 3 pulled | nsubj:pass |
| 2 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 pulled | aux:pass |
| 3 | pulled | pull | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 4 | up | up | ADP | _ | 3 pulled | compound:prt |
| 5 | by | by | ADP | _ | 7 Sun | case |
| 6 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 7 Sun | det |
| 7 | Sun | Sun | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 pulled | obl |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | pull up | present · passive | the Sun | It | vn push-12-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme |
Option 4
Its hollow bones are filled with a light gas like a balloon
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 3 bones | nmod:poss |
| 2 | hollow | hollow | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 bones | amod |
| 3 | bones | bone | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 filled | nsubj:pass |
| 4 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 filled | aux:pass |
| 5 | filled | fill | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 6 | with | with | ADP | _ | 9 gas | case |
| 7 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 9 gas | det |
| 8 | light | light | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 gas | compound |
| 9 | gas | gas | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 filled | obl |
| 10 | like | like | ADP | _ | 12 balloon | case |
| 11 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 12 balloon | det |
| 12 | balloon | balloon | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 filled | obl |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | fill | present · passive | Its hollow bones | with a light gas; like a balloon | vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: subject=Patient with gas=Instrument |
Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/world/73-birds-feathers-nests-flight/t4/