Exam question 1 · Fish, frogs and reptiles

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the means by which fish obtain oxygen?

Mova's choice: option 4 · The right answer: option 4 · right ✓ · Who acts: the, fish · What happens: follow, characteris, mean, obtain · To what, where: oxygen · Speech: someone speaks here

This is exam question 1 of lesson 74 «Fish, frogs and reptiles» of the world course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 means	nsubj
10	means	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 characterises	ccomp
11	by	by	ADP	_	12 which	case
12	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	14 obtain	obl
13	fish	fish	NOUN	Number=Plur	14 obtain	nsubj
14	obtain	obtain	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	10 means	ccomp
15	oxygen	oxygen	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 obtain	obj
16	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund				vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present			of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules
3	mean	present	the			vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
4	obtain	present	fish	oxygen		vn obtain-13.5.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent oxygen=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

They obtain oxygen from the food they eat

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 obtain	nsubj
2	obtain	obtain	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	oxygen	oxygen	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 obtain	obj
4	from	from	ADP	_	6 food	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 food	det
6	food	food	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 obtain	obl
7	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	8 eat	nsubj
8	eat	eat	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 food	acl:relcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	obtain	present	They	oxygen		the food			vn obtain-13.5.2-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent oxygen=Theme from food=Source
2	eat	present	they	the food not said here					vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent food=Patient

Option 2

They breathe air at the surface with lungs

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 breathe	nsubj
2	breathe	breathe	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 breathe	obj
4	at	at	ADP	_	6 surface	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 surface	det
6	surface	surface	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 breathe	obl
7	with	with	ADP	_	8 lungs	case
8	lungs	lung	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 surface	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	breathe	present	They	air		the surface with lungs			vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent air=Theme

Option 3

They take oxygen through their scales alone

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 take	nsubj
2	take	take	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	oxygen	oxygen	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 take	obj
4	through	through	ADP	_	6 scales	case
5	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	6 scales	nmod:poss
6	scales	scale	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 take	obl
7	alone	alone	ADV	_	2 take	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	take	present	They	oxygen		their scales		alone property	vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent oxygen=Theme

Option 4 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

They take oxygen from the water with their gills

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 take	nsubj
2	take	take	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	oxygen	oxygen	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 take	obj
4	from	from	ADP	_	6 water	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 water	det
6	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 take	obl
7	with	with	ADP	_	9 gills	case
8	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	9 gills	nmod:poss
9	gills	gill	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 take	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	take	present	They	oxygen		the water		with their gills	vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.initial_location»: agent=Agent oxygen=Theme from water=Initial_Location

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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