Exam question 3 · The human life cycle and growing up

Identify the principal reason for which a newborn baby has more bones than an adult.

Mova's choice: option 4 · The right answer: option 4 · right ✓ · Who acts: you, newborn baby · What happens: identify, have · To what, where: principal reason, more bones

This is exam question 3 of lesson 92 «The human life cycle and growing up» of the world course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Identify	identify	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 reason	det
3	principal	principal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 reason	amod
4	reason	reason	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Identify	obj
5	for	for	ADP	_	6 which	case
6	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	10 has	obl
7	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 baby	det
8	newborn	newborn	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 baby	amod
9	baby	baby	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 has	nsubj
10	has	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 reason	acl
11	more	more	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	12 bones	amod
12	bones	bone	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 has	obj
13	than	than	ADP	_	15 adult	case
14	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	15 adult	det
15	adult	adult	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 bones	nmod
16	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Identify	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	identify	imperative	you not said here	the principal reason					vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent reason=Theme
2	have	present	a newborn baby	more bones				for the principal reason; than a adult	vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bone=Patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

Babies possess a second skeleton

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Babies	baby	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 possess	nsubj
2	possess	possess	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 skeleton	det
4	second	second	ADJ	Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord	5 skeleton	amod
5	skeleton	skeleton	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 possess	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	possess	present	Babies	a second skeleton					vn own-100.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot skeleton=Theme

Option 2

Adults grow no new bones after birth

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Adults	adult	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 grow	nsubj
2	grow	grow	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	5 bones	det
4	new	new	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 bones	amod
5	bones	bone	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 grow	obj
6	after	after	ADP	_	7 birth	case
7	birth	birth	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 grow	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	grow	present	Adults	no new bones			after birth		vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location bone=Theme

Option 3

Certain bones are lost entirely in childhood

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Certain	certain	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 bones	compound
2	bones	bone	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 lost	nsubj:pass
3	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 lost	aux:pass
4	lost	lose	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	entirely	entirely	ADV	_	4 lost	advmod
6	in	in	ADP	_	7 childhood	case
7	childhood	childhood	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 lost	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	lose	present · passive		Certain bones		childhood		entirely property	vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Eventuality

Option 4 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Certain bones join together in the course of growth

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Certain	certain	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 bones	compound
2	bones	bone	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 join	nsubj
3	join	join	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	together	together	ADV	_	3 join	advmod
5	in	in	ADP	_	7 course	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 course	det
7	course	course	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 join	obl
8	of	of	ADP	_	9 growth	case
9	growth	growth	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 course	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	join	present	Certain bones					in the course of growth; together property	vn cooperate-73.1-1 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent in course=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/world/92-human-life-cycle/e3/