The African savanna area: hippos, meerkats, ostriches, wild dogs and hyenas, sentence 4

A hippo can open its mouth to about 150 degrees as a warning to rivals, and its long lower tusks grow all its life and are for fighting, because hippos eat grass.

Who acts: hippo, long lower tusks, hippos · What happens: open, grow, fight, eat · To what, where: mouth, 150 degrees, life, grass

This is a sentence of the lesson «The African savanna area: hippos, meerkats, ostriches, wild dogs and hyenas» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (hippo, long lower tusks, hippos), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 hippo	det
2	hippo	hippo	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 open	nsubj
3	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 open	aux
4	open	open	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	6 mouth	nmod:poss
6	mouth	mouth	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 open	obj
7	to	to	ADP	_	10 degrees	case
8	about	about	ADV	_	9 150	advmod
9	150	150	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	10 degrees	nummod
10	degrees	degree	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 open	obl
11	as	as	ADP	_	13 warning	case
12	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	13 warning	det
13	warning	warning	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 open	obl
14	to	to	ADP	_	15 rivals	case
15	rivals	rival	NOUN	Number=Plur	13 warning	nmod
16	,	,	PUNCT	_	22 grow	punct
17	and	and	CCONJ	_	22 grow	cc
18	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	21 tusks	nmod:poss
19	long	long	ADJ	Degree=Pos	21 tusks	amod
20	lower	low	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	21 tusks	amod
21	tusks	tusk	NOUN	Number=Plur	22 grow	nsubj
22	grow	grow	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 open	conj
23	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	25 life	det:predet
24	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	25 life	nmod:poss
25	life	life	NOUN	Number=Sing	22 grow	obj
26	and	and	CCONJ	_	29 fighting	cc
27	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	29 fighting	aux
28	for	for	ADP	_	29 fighting	case
29	fighting	fight	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	22 grow	conj
30	,	,	PUNCT	_	33 eat	punct
31	because	because	SCONJ	_	33 eat	mark
32	hippos	hippo	NOUN	Number=Plur	33 eat	nsubj
33	eat	eat	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 open	advcl
34	grass	grass	NOUN	Number=Sing	33 eat	obj
35	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 open	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	other	roles by
1	open	can	a hippo	hippo's mouth	150 degrees	as a warning to rivals	vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent mouth=Patient to degree=Recipient
2	grow	present	hippo's long lower tusks	hippo's life			vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location life=Theme
3	fight	present · progressive	hippo's long lower tusks not said here				vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
4	eat	present	hippos	grass			vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent grass=Patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:102-the-african-savanna-area-hippos-meerkats-ostriches.lesson:4.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/102-the-african-savanna-area-hippos-meerkats-ostriches/4/