The Amazon river: pink dolphins, flooded forest, giant fish and piranhas, sentence 7
The arapaima, one of the biggest freshwater fish in the world, must come up every ten to twenty minutes to breathe air, because warm flood water holds little oxygen, and its scales are so tough piranhas struggle to bite them.
Who acts: arapaima, warm flood water, scales, piranhas · What happens: come up, breathe, hold, be, struggle, bite · To what, where: air, little oxygen, fish
This is a sentence of the lesson «The Amazon river: pink dolphins, flooded forest, giant fish and piranhas» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (arapaima, warm flood water, scales, piranhas), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 arapaima | det |
| 2 | arapaima | arapaima | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 come | nsubj |
| 3 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 4 one | punct |
| 4 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 2 arapaima | appos |
| 5 | of | of | ADP | _ | 9 fish | case |
| 6 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 9 fish | det |
| 7 | biggest | big | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 9 fish | amod |
| 8 | freshwater | freshwater | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 fish | compound |
| 9 | fish | fish | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 one | nmod |
| 10 | in | in | ADP | _ | 12 world | case |
| 11 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 12 world | det |
| 12 | world | world | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 fish | nmod |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 2 arapaima | punct |
| 14 | must | must | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 15 come | aux |
| 15 | come | come | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | root | root |
| 16 | up | up | ADV | _ | 18 ten | advmod |
| 17 | every | every | DET | PronType=Tot | 18 ten | det |
| 18 | ten | ten | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 21 minutes | nummod |
| 19 | to | to | ADP | _ | 20 twenty | case |
| 20 | twenty | twenty | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 18 ten | nmod |
| 21 | minutes | minute | NOUN | Number=Plur | 15 come | obl:unmarked |
| 22 | to | to | PART | _ | 23 breathe | mark |
| 23 | breathe | breathe | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 15 come | advcl |
| 24 | air | air | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 breathe | obj |
| 25 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 30 holds | punct |
| 26 | because | because | SCONJ | _ | 30 holds | mark |
| 27 | warm | warm | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 29 water | amod |
| 28 | flood | flood | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 water | compound |
| 29 | water | water | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 holds | nsubj |
| 30 | holds | hold | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 15 come | advcl |
| 31 | little | little | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 32 oxygen | amod |
| 32 | oxygen | oxygen | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 holds | obj |
| 33 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 39 tough | punct |
| 34 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 39 tough | cc |
| 35 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 36 scales | nmod:poss |
| 36 | scales | scale | NOUN | Number=Plur | 39 tough | nsubj |
| 37 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 39 tough | cop |
| 38 | so | so | ADV | _ | 39 tough | advmod |
| 39 | tough | tough | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 30 holds | conj |
| 40 | piranhas | piranha | NOUN | Number=Plur | 41 struggle | nsubj |
| 41 | struggle | struggle | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 39 tough | acl:relcl |
| 42 | to | to | PART | _ | 43 bite | mark |
| 43 | bite | bite | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 41 struggle | xcomp |
| 44 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 43 bite | obj |
| 45 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 15 come | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | come up | must | the arapaima | minute | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 2 | breathe | to-infinitive | the arapaima not said here | air | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent air=Theme | ||||
| 3 | hold | present | warm flood water | little oxygen | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent oxygen=Theme | ||||
| 4 | is | present | water's scales | tough property | tree rules | ||||
| 5 | struggle | present | piranhas | tree rules | |||||
| 6 | bite | to-infinitive | piranhas not said here | fish | vn swat-18.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:155-the-amazon-river.lesson:7.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/155-the-amazon-river/7/