The great apes: chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, orangutans, sentence 3
Orangutans live in Borneo and Sumatra, gorillas, chimps and bonobos in Africa, and their forests are being cut down for farms and oil palm, while apes have babies so slowly that their numbers take a very long time to recover.
Who acts: Orangutans, apes, numbers · What happens: live, cut down, have, take, recover · To what, where: Borneo, forests, babies
This is a sentence of the lesson «The great apes: chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, orangutans» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Orangutans, apes, numbers), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Orangutans | orangutan | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 live | nsubj |
| 2 | live | live | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | in | in | ADP | _ | 4 Borneo | case |
| 4 | Borneo | Borneo | PROPN | Number=Sing | 2 live | obl |
| 5 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 6 Sumatra | cc |
| 6 | Sumatra | Sumatra | PROPN | Number=Sing | 4 Borneo | conj |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 8 gorillas | punct |
| 8 | gorillas | gorilla | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 Borneo | conj |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 10 chimps | punct |
| 10 | chimps | chimp | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 Borneo | conj |
| 11 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 12 bonobos | cc |
| 12 | bonobos | bonobo | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 Borneo | conj |
| 13 | in | in | ADP | _ | 14 Africa | case |
| 14 | Africa | Africa | PROPN | Number=Sing | 10 chimps | nmod |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 21 cut | punct |
| 16 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 21 cut | cc |
| 17 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 18 forests | nmod:poss |
| 18 | forests | forest | NOUN | Number=Plur | 21 cut | nsubj:pass |
| 19 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 21 cut | aux:pass |
| 20 | being | be | AUX | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 21 cut | aux:pass |
| 21 | cut | cut | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 2 live | conj |
| 22 | down | down | ADP | _ | 21 cut | compound:prt |
| 23 | for | for | ADP | _ | 24 farms | case |
| 24 | farms | farm | NOUN | Number=Plur | 21 cut | obl |
| 25 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 27 palm | cc |
| 26 | oil | oil | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 palm | compound |
| 27 | palm | palm | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 farms | conj |
| 28 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 31 have | punct |
| 29 | while | while | SCONJ | _ | 31 have | mark |
| 30 | apes | ape | NOUN | Number=Plur | 31 have | nsubj |
| 31 | have | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 21 cut | advcl |
| 32 | babies | baby | NOUN | Number=Plur | 31 have | obj |
| 33 | so | so | ADV | _ | 34 slowly | advmod |
| 34 | slowly | slowly | ADV | _ | 31 have | advmod |
| 35 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 38 take | mark |
| 36 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 37 numbers | nmod:poss |
| 37 | numbers | number | NOUN | Number=Plur | 38 take | nsubj |
| 38 | take | take | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 31 have | advcl |
| 39 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 42 time | det |
| 40 | very | very | ADV | _ | 41 long | advmod |
| 41 | long | long | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 42 time | amod |
| 42 | time | time | NOUN | Number=Sing | 38 take | obj |
| 43 | to | to | PART | _ | 44 recover | mark |
| 44 | recover | recover | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 38 take | advcl |
| 45 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 live | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | live | present | Orangutans | Borneo and Sumatra and gorillas and chimps in Africa and bonobos | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in borneo=Location | ||||
| 2 | cut down | present · passive | orangutans's forests | for farms and oil palm | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP P.asset»: subject=Product for farm=Asset | ||||
| 3 | have | present | apes | babies | slowly property | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent baby=Patient | |||
| 4 | take | present | orangutans's numbers | time | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 5 | recover | to-infinitive | orangutans's numbers not said here | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:016-the-great-apes.lesson:3.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/16-the-great-apes/3/