The great apes: chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, orangutans, sentence 4
Chimpanzees push a grass stem or stick into termite holes and lick off the termites that bite it; Jane Goodall saw this in Gombe, Tanzania, in 1960, when people still thought only humans made tools.
Who acts: Chimpanzees, termites, Jane, people, humans · What happens: push, stick, lick off, bite, see, think · To what, where: grass stem, termite holes, termites, stem, this, Gombe · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «The great apes: chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, orangutans» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Chimpanzees, termites, Jane, people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Chimpanzees | chimpanzee | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 push | nsubj |
| 2 | push | push | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 5 stem | det |
| 4 | grass | grass | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 stem | compound |
| 5 | stem | stem | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 push | obj |
| 6 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 7 stick | cc |
| 7 | stick | stick | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 2 push | conj |
| 8 | into | into | ADP | _ | 10 holes | case |
| 9 | termite | termite | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 holes | compound |
| 10 | holes | hole | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 stick | obl |
| 11 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 12 lick | cc |
| 12 | lick | lick | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 2 push | conj |
| 13 | off | off | ADP | _ | 12 lick | compound:prt |
| 14 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 15 termites | det |
| 15 | termites | termite | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 lick | obj |
| 16 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 17 bite | nsubj |
| 17 | bite | bite | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 15 termites | acl:relcl |
| 18 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 17 bite | obj |
| 19 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 22 saw | punct |
| 20 | Jane | Jane | PROPN | Number=Sing | 22 saw | nsubj |
| 21 | Goodall | Goodall | PROPN | Number=Sing | 20 Jane | flat |
| 22 | saw | see | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 12 lick | advcl |
| 23 | this | this | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 22 saw | obj |
| 24 | in | in | ADP | _ | 25 Gombe | case |
| 25 | Gombe | Gombe | PROPN | Number=Sing | 22 saw | obl |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 27 Tanzania | punct |
| 27 | Tanzania | Tanzania | PROPN | Number=Sing | 25 Gombe | appos |
| 28 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 30 1960 | punct |
| 29 | in | in | ADP | _ | 30 1960 | case |
| 30 | 1960 | 1960 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 22 saw | obl |
| 31 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 35 thought | punct |
| 32 | when | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 35 thought | advmod |
| 33 | people | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 35 thought | nsubj |
| 34 | still | still | ADV | _ | 35 thought | advmod |
| 35 | thought | think | VERB | Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 22 saw | advcl |
| 36 | only | only | ADV | _ | 37 humans | advmod |
| 37 | humans | human | NOUN | Number=Plur | 38 made | nsubj |
| 38 | made | make | VERB | Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 35 thought | ccomp |
| 39 | tools | tool | NOUN | Number=Plur | 38 made | obj |
| 40 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 push | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | push | present | Chimpanzees | a grass stem | vn carry-11.4-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent stem=Theme | ||||
| 2 | stick | infinitive | Chimpanzees not said here | termite holes | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme into hole=Destination | ||||
| 3 | lick off | present | Chimpanzees not said here | the termites | vn wipe_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.source»: agent=Agent termite=Source | ||||
| 4 | bite | present | the termites | stem | vn swat-18.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Patient | ||||
| 5 | see | past | Jane | this | Gombe | in 1960 | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer this=Stimulus | ||
| 6 | think speech: other | past | people | still | vn consider-29.9-2 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme | ||||
| 7 | make | past | humans | tools | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tool=Product |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:016-the-great-apes.lesson:4.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R5-strong ×3, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/16-the-great-apes/4/