How close are apes to us?, sentence 1
Humans did not come from chimps; chimps and humans are both great apes that changed in different ways from one shared ancestor about 6 to 7 million years ago, like two cousins with the same great-great-grandparents.
Who acts: Humans, chimps, great apes · What happens: not come, be, change, share · To what, where: chimps, great apes, different ways
This is a sentence of the lesson «How close are apes to us?» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Humans, chimps, great apes), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Humans | human | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 come | nsubj |
| 2 | did | do | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 4 come | aux |
| 3 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 4 come | advmod |
| 4 | come | come | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | root | root |
| 5 | from | from | ADP | _ | 6 chimps | case |
| 6 | chimps | chimp | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 come | obl |
| 7 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 14 apes | punct |
| 8 | chimps | chimp | NOUN | Number=Plur | 14 apes | nsubj |
| 9 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 10 humans | cc |
| 10 | humans | human | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 chimps | conj |
| 11 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 14 apes | cop |
| 12 | both | both | ADV | _ | 14 apes | advmod |
| 13 | great | great | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 14 apes | amod |
| 14 | apes | ape | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 come | parataxis |
| 15 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 16 changed | nsubj |
| 16 | changed | change | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 14 apes | acl:relcl |
| 17 | in | in | ADP | _ | 19 ways | case |
| 18 | different | different | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 19 ways | amod |
| 19 | ways | way | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 changed | obl |
| 20 | from | from | ADP | _ | 23 ancestor | case |
| 21 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 23 ancestor | nummod |
| 22 | shared | share | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 23 ancestor | amod |
| 23 | ancestor | ancestor | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 changed | obl |
| 24 | about | about | ADP | _ | 25 6 | case |
| 25 | 6 | 6 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 29 years | nummod |
| 26 | to | to | ADP | _ | 27 7 | case |
| 27 | 7 | 7 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 25 6 | nmod |
| 28 | million | million | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 25 6 | nmod:unmarked |
| 29 | years | year | NOUN | Number=Plur | 30 ago | obl:unmarked |
| 30 | ago | ago | ADV | _ | 16 changed | advmod |
| 31 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 34 cousins | punct |
| 32 | like | like | ADP | _ | 34 cousins | case |
| 33 | two | two | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 34 cousins | nummod |
| 34 | cousins | cousin | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 changed | obl |
| 35 | with | with | ADP | _ | 42 grandparents | case |
| 36 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 42 grandparents | det |
| 37 | same | same | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 42 grandparents | amod |
| 38 | great | great | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 42 grandparents | amod |
| 39 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 38 great | punct |
| 40 | great | great | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 42 grandparents | amod |
| 41 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 40 great | punct |
| 42 | grandparents | grandparent | NOUN | Number=Plur | 34 cousins | nmod |
| 43 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 come | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | not come | past · do-support | Humans | chimps | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme from chimp=Initial_Location | ||||
| 2 | is a | present | chimps and humans | great apes | both property | tree rules | |||
| 3 | change | past | great apes | different ways | from one shared ancestor; like two cousins with the same great great grandparents; ago property | vn turn-26.6.1-1 «NP V PP.material PP.result»: agent=Agent from ancestor=Initial_State | |||
| 4 | share | participle | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:017-how-close-are-apes-to-us.lesson:1.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/17-how-close-are-apes-to-us/1/