How close are apes to us?, sentence 11
Humans are the only apes that walk upright all the time, with an S-shaped spine, wide hips and arched feet; footprints at Laetoli in Tanzania show human relatives walking upright about 3.7 million years ago.
Who acts: Humans, only apes, footprints · What happens: be, walk, arch, show · To what, where: only apes, human relatives · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «How close are apes to us?» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Humans, only apes, footprints), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Humans | human | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 apes | nsubj |
| 2 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 apes | cop |
| 3 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 apes | det |
| 4 | only | only | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 5 apes | amod |
| 5 | apes | ape | NOUN | Number=Plur | root | root |
| 6 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 7 walk | nsubj |
| 7 | walk | walk | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 apes | acl:relcl |
| 8 | upright | upright | ADV | _ | 7 walk | advmod |
| 9 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 11 time | det:predet |
| 10 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 11 time | det |
| 11 | time | time | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 walk | obl:unmarked |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 18 spine | punct |
| 13 | with | with | ADP | _ | 18 spine | case |
| 14 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 18 spine | det |
| 15 | S | S | PROPN | Number=Sing | 18 spine | compound |
| 16 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 15 S | punct |
| 17 | shaped | shaped | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 18 spine | amod |
| 18 | spine | spine | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 walk | obl |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 21 hips | punct |
| 20 | wide | wide | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 21 hips | amod |
| 21 | hips | hip | NOUN | Number=Plur | 18 spine | conj |
| 22 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 24 feet | cc |
| 23 | arched | arch | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 24 feet | amod |
| 24 | feet | foot | NOUN | Number=Plur | 18 spine | conj |
| 25 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 26 footprints | punct |
| 26 | footprints | footprint | NOUN | Number=Plur | 31 show | nsubj |
| 27 | at | at | ADP | _ | 28 Laetoli | case |
| 28 | Laetoli | Laetoli | PROPN | Number=Sing | 26 footprints | nmod |
| 29 | in | in | ADP | _ | 30 Tanzania | case |
| 30 | Tanzania | Tanzania | PROPN | Number=Sing | 26 footprints | nmod |
| 31 | show | show | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 apes | parataxis |
| 32 | human | human | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 33 relatives | amod |
| 33 | relatives | relative | NOUN | Number=Plur | 31 show | obj |
| 34 | walking | walk | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 31 show | ccomp |
| 35 | upright | upright | ADV | _ | 34 walking | advmod |
| 36 | about | about | ADV | _ | 38 million | advmod |
| 37 | 3.7 | 3.7 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Frac | 38 million | compound |
| 38 | million | million | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 39 years | nummod |
| 39 | years | year | NOUN | Number=Plur | 40 ago | obl:unmarked |
| 40 | ago | ago | ADV | _ | 34 walking | advmod |
| 41 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 apes | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is a | present | Humans | the only apes | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | walk | present | the only apes | time | with a S shaped spine and wide hips and arched feet; upright property | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||
| 3 | arch | participle | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 4 | show | present | footprints at Laetoli in Tanzania | human relatives | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent relative=Recipient clause=Topic | ||||
| 5 | walk | gerund | ago, upright property | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:017-how-close-are-apes-to-us.lesson:11.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R5-strong ×5, R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/17-how-close-are-apes-to-us/11/