How close are apes to us?, sentence 15
Lucy is a skeleton of an early human relative, Australopithecus afarensis, found in Ethiopia in 1974; she lived about 3.2 million years ago, walked upright and still climbed trees, and was named after a Beatles song.
Who acts: Lucy, skeleton · What happens: be, find, live, walk, climb, name · To what, where: skeleton, early human relative, Ethiopia, trees
This is a sentence of the lesson «How close are apes to us?» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Lucy, skeleton), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Lucy | Lucy | PROPN | Number=Sing | 4 skeleton | nsubj |
| 2 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 skeleton | cop |
| 3 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 4 skeleton | det |
| 4 | skeleton | skeleton | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 walked | nsubj |
| 5 | of | of | ADP | _ | 9 relative | case |
| 6 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 9 relative | det |
| 7 | early | early | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 9 relative | amod |
| 8 | human | human | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 9 relative | amod |
| 9 | relative | relative | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 skeleton | nmod |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 9 relative | punct |
| 11 | Australopithecus | Australopithecus | PROPN | Number=Sing | 12 afarensis | compound |
| 12 | afarensis | afarensis | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 relative | appos |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 14 found | punct |
| 14 | found | find | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 9 relative | acl |
| 15 | in | in | ADP | _ | 16 Ethiopia | case |
| 16 | Ethiopia | Ethiopia | PROPN | Number=Sing | 14 found | obl |
| 17 | in | in | ADP | _ | 18 1974 | case |
| 18 | 1974 | 1974 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 14 found | obl |
| 19 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 21 lived | punct |
| 20 | she | she | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 21 lived | nsubj |
| 21 | lived | live | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 28 walked | conj |
| 22 | about | about | ADV | _ | 24 million | advmod |
| 23 | 3.2 | 3.2 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Frac | 24 million | compound |
| 24 | million | million | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 25 years | nummod |
| 25 | years | year | NOUN | Number=Plur | 21 lived | obl:unmarked |
| 26 | ago | ago | ADV | _ | 21 lived | advmod |
| 27 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 28 walked | punct |
| 28 | walked | walk | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 29 | upright | upright | ADV | _ | 28 walked | advmod |
| 30 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 32 climbed | cc |
| 31 | still | still | ADV | _ | 32 climbed | advmod |
| 32 | climbed | climb | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 28 walked | conj |
| 33 | trees | tree | NOUN | Number=Plur | 32 climbed | obj |
| 34 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 37 named | punct |
| 35 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 37 named | cc |
| 36 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 37 named | aux:pass |
| 37 | named | name | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 28 walked | conj |
| 38 | after | after | ADP | _ | 41 song | case |
| 39 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 41 song | det |
| 40 | Beatles | Beatles | PROPN | Number=Plur | 41 song | compound |
| 41 | song | song | NOUN | Number=Sing | 37 named | obl |
| 42 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 skeleton | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is a | present | Lucy | a skeleton | of a early human relative | tree rules | |||
| 2 | find | participle | a early human relative not said here | Ethiopia | in 1974 | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S_INF»: agent=Agent | |||
| 3 | live | past | skeleton | year | ago property | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||
| 4 | walk | past | a skeleton | upright property | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 5 | climb | past | a skeleton not said here | trees | still | vn run-51.3.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Initial_Location tree=Theme | |||
| 6 | name | past · passive | a skeleton not said here | after a Beatles song | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP» |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:017-how-close-are-apes-to-us.lesson:15.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3, R6-punct-agree ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/17-how-close-are-apes-to-us/15/