Caves: bat clouds, blind fish, the olm, glowworms and a sealed cave, sentence 13
Stalactites grow from dripping water that leaves behind a tiny bit of chalky mineral, over thousands of years, and touching them can stop them growing, because oil from skin stops the mineral sticking.
Who acts: Stalactites, dripping water, touching, oil · What happens: grow, drip, leave, touch, stop · To what, where: dripping water, tiny bit, Stalactites, mineral sticking
This is a sentence of the lesson «Caves: bat clouds, blind fish, the olm, glowworms and a sealed cave» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Stalactites, dripping water, touching, oil), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Stalactites | stalactite | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 grow | nsubj |
| 2 | grow | grow | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | from | from | ADP | _ | 5 water | case |
| 4 | dripping | drip | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 5 water | amod |
| 5 | water | water | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 grow | obl |
| 6 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 7 leaves | nsubj |
| 7 | leaves | leave | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 water | acl:relcl |
| 8 | behind | behind | ADP | _ | 11 bit | case |
| 9 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 11 bit | det |
| 10 | tiny | tiny | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 11 bit | amod |
| 11 | bit | bit | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 leaves | obl |
| 12 | of | of | ADP | _ | 14 mineral | case |
| 13 | chalky | chalky | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 14 mineral | amod |
| 14 | mineral | mineral | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 bit | nmod |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 17 thousands | punct |
| 16 | over | over | ADP | _ | 17 thousands | case |
| 17 | thousands | thousand | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 grow | obl |
| 18 | of | of | ADP | _ | 19 years | case |
| 19 | years | year | NOUN | Number=Plur | 17 thousands | nmod |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 22 touching | punct |
| 21 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 22 touching | cc |
| 22 | touching | touch | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 25 stop | csubj |
| 23 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 22 touching | obj |
| 24 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 25 stop | aux |
| 25 | stop | stop | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 2 grow | conj |
| 26 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 25 stop | obj |
| 27 | growing | grow | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 25 stop | xcomp |
| 28 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 33 stops | punct |
| 29 | because | because | SCONJ | _ | 33 stops | mark |
| 30 | oil | oil | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 stops | nsubj |
| 31 | from | from | ADP | _ | 32 skin | case |
| 32 | skin | skin | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 oil | nmod |
| 33 | stops | stop | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 25 stop | advcl |
| 34 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 36 sticking | det |
| 35 | mineral | mineral | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 sticking | compound |
| 36 | sticking | sticking | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 stops | obj |
| 37 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 grow | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | grow | present | Stalactites | dripping water | over thousands of years | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme over thousand=Location | |||
| 2 | drip | gerund | vn substance_emission-43.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Source | ||||||
| 3 | leave | present | dripping water | a tiny bit of chalky mineral | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent behind bit=Location | ||||
| 4 | touch | gerund | Stalactites = stalactite | vn contiguous_location-47.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme they=Co-Theme | |||||
| 5 | stop | can | touching | Stalactites = stalactite | tree rules | ||||
| 6 | grow | gerund | touching not said here | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 7 | stop | present | oil from skin | the mineral sticking | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality sticking=Eventuality |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:179-caves-bat-clouds-blind-fish-the-olm-glowworms-and-a-sealed-cave.lesson:13.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×4. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/179-caves-bat-clouds-blind-fish-the-olm-glowworms-and-a-sealed-cave/13/