Echolocation: how bats see with sound, sentence 10

Bats rest upside down, gripping with their toes, so they can drop straight into flight, because taking off from the ground is hard for them; a lock in the toe tendons holds them without effort.

Who acts: Bats, calls, taking, lock · What happens: rest, grip, drop, take off, be, hold · To what, where: flight, ground, calls

This is a sentence of the lesson «Echolocation: how bats see with sound» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Bats, calls, taking, lock), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Bats	bat	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 rest	nsubj
2	rest	rest	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	26 hard	conj
3	upside	upside	ADV	_	4 down	advmod
4	down	down	ADV	_	2 rest	advmod
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	4 down	punct
6	gripping	grip	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	2 rest	advcl
7	with	with	ADP	_	9 toes	case
8	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	9 toes	nmod:poss
9	toes	toe	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 gripping	obl
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	14 drop	punct
11	so	so	ADV	_	14 drop	advmod
12	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	14 drop	nsubj
13	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	14 drop	aux
14	drop	drop	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	6 gripping	conj
15	straight	straight	ADV	_	17 flight	advmod
16	into	into	ADP	_	17 flight	case
17	flight	flight	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 drop	obl
18	,	,	PUNCT	_	20 taking	punct
19	because	because	SCONJ	_	20 taking	mark
20	taking	take	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	26 hard	csubj
21	off	off	ADP	_	20 taking	compound:prt
22	from	from	ADP	_	24 ground	case
23	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	24 ground	det
24	ground	ground	NOUN	Number=Sing	20 taking	obl
25	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	26 hard	cop
26	hard	hard	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
27	for	for	ADP	_	28 them	case
28	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	26 hard	obl
29	;	;	PUNCT	_	36 holds	punct
30	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	31 lock	det
31	lock	lock	NOUN	Number=Sing	36 holds	nsubj
32	in	in	ADP	_	35 tendons	case
33	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	35 tendons	det
34	toe	toe	NOUN	Number=Sing	35 tendons	compound
35	tendons	tendon	NOUN	Number=Plur	31 lock	nmod
36	holds	hold	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	26 hard	conj
37	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	36 holds	obj
38	without	without	ADP	_	39 effort	case
39	effort	effort	NOUN	Number=Sing	36 holds	obl
40	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 rest	punct

Pragmatics

form: statement
act: assert
voice: narrator
polarity: none
teacher: kept the draft

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	rest	present	Bats			down property	vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	grip	gerund	Bats not said here			with calls's toes	vn touch-20-1 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent with toe=Instrument
3	drop	can	calls = call		flight		vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme into flight=Trajectory
4	take off	gerund			the ground		vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP PP»: agent=Agent from ground=Initial_Location
5	is	present	taking			for calls = call; hard property	tree rules
6	hold	present	a lock in the toe tendons	calls = call		without effort	vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound.lesson:10.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound/10/