Echolocation: how bats see with sound, sentence 11
Bracken Cave in Texas holds about 15 million bats in summer, and each mother finds her own pup by its call and smell; when they all fly out at dusk, the huge cloud of bats shows up on weather radar like a rain cloud.
Who acts: Bracken Cave, mother, calls, huge cloud, pup · What happens: hold, find, fly out, show up, call, cloud · To what, where: million bats, own pup, weather radar, bats · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Echolocation: how bats see with sound» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Bracken Cave, mother, calls, huge cloud), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Bracken | bracken | PROPN | Number=Sing | 2 Cave | compound |
| 2 | Cave | cave | PROPN | Number=Sing | 5 holds | nsubj |
| 3 | in | in | ADP | _ | 4 Texas | case |
| 4 | Texas | Texas | PROPN | Number=Sing | 2 Cave | nmod |
| 5 | holds | hold | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 6 | about | about | ADV | _ | 7 15 | advmod |
| 7 | 15 | 15 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 8 million | compound |
| 8 | million | million | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 9 bats | nummod |
| 9 | bats | bat | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 holds | obj |
| 10 | in | in | ADP | _ | 11 summer | case |
| 11 | summer | summer | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 holds | obl |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 16 finds | punct |
| 13 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 16 finds | cc |
| 14 | each | each | DET | PronType=Tot | 15 mother | det |
| 15 | mother | mother | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 finds | nsubj |
| 16 | finds | find | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 holds | conj |
| 17 | her | her | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 19 pup | nmod:poss |
| 18 | own | own | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 19 pup | amod |
| 19 | pup | pup | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 finds | obj |
| 20 | by | by | ADP | _ | 22 call | case |
| 21 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 22 call | nmod:poss |
| 22 | call | call | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 finds | obl |
| 23 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 24 smell | cc |
| 24 | smell | smell | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 call | conj |
| 25 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 29 fly | punct |
| 26 | when | when | SCONJ | _ | 29 fly | mark |
| 27 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 29 fly | nsubj |
| 28 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 29 fly | advmod |
| 29 | fly | fly | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 39 shows | advcl |
| 30 | out | out | ADP | _ | 29 fly | compound:prt |
| 31 | at | at | ADP | _ | 32 dusk | case |
| 32 | dusk | dusk | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 fly | obl |
| 33 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 39 shows | punct |
| 34 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 36 cloud | det |
| 35 | huge | huge | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 36 cloud | amod |
| 36 | cloud | cloud | NOUN | Number=Sing | 39 shows | nsubj |
| 37 | of | of | ADP | _ | 38 bats | case |
| 38 | bats | bat | NOUN | Number=Plur | 36 cloud | nmod |
| 39 | shows | show | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 holds | conj |
| 40 | up | up | ADP | _ | 39 shows | compound:prt |
| 41 | on | on | ADP | _ | 43 radar | case |
| 42 | weather | weather | NOUN | Number=Sing | 43 radar | compound |
| 43 | radar | radar | NOUN | Number=Sing | 39 shows | obl |
| 44 | like | like | ADP | _ | 47 cloud | case |
| 45 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 47 cloud | det |
| 46 | rain | rain | NOUN | Number=Sing | 47 cloud | compound |
| 47 | cloud | cloud | NOUN | Number=Sing | 39 shows | obl |
| 48 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 holds | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | hold | present | Bracken Cave in Texas | million bats | summer | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bat=Theme | |||
| 2 | find | present | each mother | mother's own pup | by pup's call and smell | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pup=Topic | |||
| 3 | fly out | present | calls = call | dusk | vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 4 | show up | present | the huge cloud of bats | weather radar | like a rain cloud | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on radar=Location | |||
| 5 | call | pup | nom call «communication transitive»: poss=agent | ||||||
| 6 | cloud | bats | nom cloud «phenomenon transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound.lesson:11.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×4, R8-pos-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound/11/