Echolocation: how bats see with sound, sentence 9
Some tiger moths click back at bats to jam their echoes or warn that they taste nasty, and some moths can hear bats and dive away; the fluffy scales on some moths' wings soak up sound, so the bat hears less echo.
Who acts: tiger moths, calls, moths, fluffy scales, bat · What happens: click back, jam, warn, taste, hear, dive away · To what, where: bats, echoes, sound, less echo · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Echolocation: how bats see with sound» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (tiger moths, calls, moths, fluffy scales), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Some | some | DET | PronType=Ind | 3 moths | det |
| 2 | tiger | tiger | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 moths | compound |
| 3 | moths | moth | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 click | nsubj |
| 4 | click | click | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 5 | back | back | ADV | _ | 4 click | advmod |
| 6 | at | at | ADP | _ | 7 bats | case |
| 7 | bats | bat | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 click | obl |
| 8 | to | to | PART | _ | 9 jam | mark |
| 9 | jam | jam | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 4 click | advcl |
| 10 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 11 echoes | nmod:poss |
| 11 | echoes | echo | NOUN | Number=Plur | 9 jam | obj |
| 12 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 13 warn | cc |
| 13 | warn | warn | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 9 jam | conj |
| 14 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 16 taste | mark |
| 15 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 16 taste | nsubj |
| 16 | taste | taste | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 13 warn | ccomp |
| 17 | nasty | nasty | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 16 taste | xcomp |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 hear | punct |
| 19 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 23 hear | cc |
| 20 | some | some | DET | PronType=Ind | 21 moths | det |
| 21 | moths | moth | NOUN | Number=Plur | 23 hear | nsubj |
| 22 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 23 hear | aux |
| 23 | hear | hear | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 4 click | conj |
| 24 | bats | bat | NOUN | Number=Plur | 23 hear | obj |
| 25 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 26 dive | cc |
| 26 | dive | dive | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 23 hear | conj |
| 27 | away | away | ADV | _ | 26 dive | advmod |
| 28 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 31 scales | punct |
| 29 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 31 scales | det |
| 30 | fluffy | fluffy | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 31 scales | amod |
| 31 | scales | scale | NOUN | Number=Plur | 37 soak | nsubj |
| 32 | on | on | ADP | _ | 36 wings | case |
| 33 | some | some | DET | PronType=Ind | 34 moths | det |
| 34 | moths | moth | NOUN | Number=Plur | 36 wings | nmod:poss |
| 35 | ' | 's | PART | _ | 34 moths | case |
| 36 | wings | wing | NOUN | Number=Plur | 31 scales | nmod |
| 37 | soak | soak | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 click | parataxis |
| 38 | up | up | ADP | _ | 37 soak | compound:prt |
| 39 | sound | sound | NOUN | Number=Sing | 37 soak | obj |
| 40 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 44 hears | punct |
| 41 | so | so | ADV | _ | 44 hears | advmod |
| 42 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 43 bat | det |
| 43 | bat | bat | NOUN | Number=Sing | 44 hears | nsubj |
| 44 | hears | hear | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 click | parataxis |
| 45 | less | less | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 46 echo | amod |
| 46 | echo | echo | NOUN | Number=Sing | 44 hears | obj |
| 47 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 click | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | click back | present | some tiger moths | bats | vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme at bat=Location | ||||
| 2 | jam | to-infinitive | some tiger moths not said here | calls's echoes | vn spray-9.7-1-1 «NP.theme V NP»: agent=Theme echo=Destination | ||||
| 3 | warn speech: warn | infinitive | some tiger moths not said here | vn advise-37.9-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 4 | taste | present | calls = call | nasty property | vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus | ||||
| 5 | hear | can | some moths | bats | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer bat=Stimulus | ||||
| 6 | dive away | infinitive | some moths not said here | away property | vn calibratable_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute | ||||
| 7 | soak up | present | the fluffy scales on some moths's wings | sound | vn wipe_manner-10.4.1 «NP V NP.source»: agent=Agent sound=Source | ||||
| 8 | hear | present | the bat | less echo | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer echo=Stimulus |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound.lesson:9.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound/9/