Echolocation: how bats see with sound, sentence 14
In the 1790s Lazzaro Spallanzani found that bats with covered eyes still dodged threads but bats with blocked ears crashed; only in 1938 did special microphones prove bats use ultrasound.
Who acts: Lazzaro, bats, special microphones · What happens: find, cover, dodge, block, crash, prove · To what, where: 1790s, threads, 1938, ultrasound · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Echolocation: how bats see with sound» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Lazzaro, bats, special microphones), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | In | in | ADP | _ | 3 1790s | case |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 1790s | det |
| 3 | 1790s | 1790 | NOUN | Number=Plur NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 6 found | obl |
| 4 | Lazzaro | Lazzaro | PROPN | Number=Sing | 6 found | nsubj |
| 5 | Spallanzani | Spallanzani | PROPN | Number=Sing | 4 Lazzaro | flat |
| 6 | found | find | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 7 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 13 dodged | mark |
| 8 | bats | bat | NOUN | Number=Plur | 13 dodged | nsubj |
| 9 | with | with | ADP | _ | 11 eyes | case |
| 10 | covered | cover | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 11 eyes | amod |
| 11 | eyes | eye | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 bats | nmod |
| 12 | still | still | ADV | _ | 13 dodged | advmod |
| 13 | dodged | dodge | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 6 found | ccomp |
| 14 | threads | thread | NOUN | Number=Plur | 13 dodged | obj |
| 15 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 20 crashed | cc |
| 16 | bats | bat | NOUN | Number=Plur | 20 crashed | nsubj |
| 17 | with | with | ADP | _ | 19 ears | case |
| 18 | blocked | block | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 19 ears | amod |
| 19 | ears | ear | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 bats | nmod |
| 20 | crashed | crash | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 13 dodged | conj |
| 21 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 6 found | punct |
| 22 | only | only | ADV | _ | 24 1938 | advmod |
| 23 | in | in | ADP | _ | 24 1938 | case |
| 24 | 1938 | 1938 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 28 prove | obl |
| 25 | did | do | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 28 prove | aux |
| 26 | special | special | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 27 microphones | amod |
| 27 | microphones | microphone | NOUN | Number=Plur | 28 prove | nsubj |
| 28 | prove | prove | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 6 found | parataxis |
| 29 | bats | bat | NOUN | Number=Plur | 30 use | nsubj |
| 30 | use | use | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 28 prove | ccomp |
| 31 | ultrasound | ultrasound | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 use | obj |
| 32 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 found | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | find | past | Lazzaro | the 1790s | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme | ||||
| 2 | cover | participle | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme | ||||||
| 3 | dodge | past | bats with covered eyes | threads | still | vn avoid-52 «NP V NP.location»: agent=Agent thread=Location | |||
| 4 | block | participle | vn forbid-64.4-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Causer | ||||||
| 5 | crash | past | bats with blocked ears | vn break-45.1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | |||||
| 6 | prove | past · do-support | special microphones | 1938 | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme | ||||
| 7 | use | present | bats | ultrasound | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ultrasound=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound.lesson:14.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound/14/