Echolocation: how bats see with sound, sentence 3
Watch bats round a streetlamp at dusk: they dart after gnats in the dark and never bump into each other, all thanks to echoes.
Who acts: you, ears · What happens: watch, dart, not bump · To what, where: bats, dark, each
This is a sentence of the lesson «Echolocation: how bats see with sound» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (you, ears), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Watch | watch | VERB | Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 2 | bats | bat | NOUN | Number=Plur | 1 Watch | obj |
| 3 | round | round | ADP | _ | 5 streetlamp | case |
| 4 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 5 streetlamp | det |
| 5 | streetlamp | streetlamp | NOUN | Number=Sing | 1 Watch | obl |
| 6 | at | at | ADP | _ | 7 dusk | case |
| 7 | dusk | dusk | NOUN | Number=Sing | 1 Watch | obl |
| 8 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 10 dart | punct |
| 9 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 10 dart | nsubj |
| 10 | dart | dart | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 1 Watch | parataxis |
| 11 | after | after | ADP | _ | 12 gnats | case |
| 12 | gnats | gnat | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 dart | obl |
| 13 | in | in | ADP | _ | 15 dark | case |
| 14 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 15 dark | det |
| 15 | dark | dark | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 dart | obl |
| 16 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 18 bump | cc |
| 17 | never | never | ADV | PronType=Neg | 18 bump | advmod |
| 18 | bump | bump | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 10 dart | conj |
| 19 | into | into | ADP | _ | 20 each | case |
| 20 | each | each | DET | ExtPos=PRON PronType=Rcp | 18 bump | obl |
| 21 | other | other | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 20 each | fixed |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 thanks | punct |
| 23 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 24 thanks | det |
| 24 | thanks | thanks | NOUN | Number=Sing | 1 Watch | discourse |
| 25 | to | to | ADP | _ | 26 echoes | case |
| 26 | echoes | echo | NOUN | Number=Plur | 24 thanks | nmod |
| 27 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 1 Watch | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | watch | imperative | you not said here | bats | dusk | round a streetlamp | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bat=Theme | ||
| 2 | dart | present | ears = ear | the dark | after gnats | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in dark=Trajectory | |||
| 3 | not bump | present | ears = ear not said here | each | vn bump-18.4-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme into each=Location |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound.lesson:3.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound/3/