Echolocation: how bats see with sound, sentence 4

Using echoes to find things is called echolocation, and bats had it for millions of years before people invented machines that do the same.

Who acts: bats, people, machines · What happens: use, find, call, have, invent, do · To what, where: echoes, things, echolocation, echo, machines, same · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of the lesson «Echolocation: how bats see with sound» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (bats, people, machines), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Using	use	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	7 called	advcl
2	echoes	echo	NOUN	Number=Plur	1 Using	obj
3	to	to	PART	_	4 find	mark
4	find	find	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	1 Using	advcl
5	things	thing	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 find	obj
6	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 called	aux:pass
7	called	call	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
8	echolocation	echolocation	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 called	xcomp
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 had	punct
10	and	and	CCONJ	_	12 had	cc
11	bats	bat	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 had	nsubj
12	had	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	7 called	conj
13	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	12 had	obj
14	for	for	ADP	_	15 millions	case
15	millions	million	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 had	obl
16	of	of	ADP	_	17 years	case
17	years	year	NOUN	Number=Plur	15 millions	nmod
18	before	before	SCONJ	_	20 invented	mark
19	people	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	20 invented	nsubj
20	invented	invent	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	12 had	advcl
21	machines	machine	NOUN	Number=Plur	20 invented	obj
22	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	23 do	nsubj
23	do	do	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	21 machines	acl:relcl
24	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	25 same	det
25	same	same	ADJ	Degree=Pos	23 do	obj
26	.	.	PUNCT	_	7 called	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	use	gerund		echoes		vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent echo=Patient
2	find	to-infinitive		things		vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent thing=Topic
3	call	present · passive		echolocation		vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»
4	have	past	bats	echo	for millions of years	vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Patient
5	invent	past	people	machines		vn create-26.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent machine=Result
6	do	present	machines	the same		vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent same=Eventuality

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound.lesson:4.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound/4/