Echolocation: how bats see with sound, sentence 5
Bats catch moths and gnats in the dark by shouting very high squeaks and listening for the echoes.
Who acts: Bats · What happens: catch, shout, listen · To what, where: moths, dark, high squeaks
This is a sentence of the lesson «Echolocation: how bats see with sound» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Bats), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Bats | bat | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 catch | nsubj |
| 2 | catch | catch | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | moths | moth | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 catch | obj |
| 4 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 5 gnats | cc |
| 5 | gnats | gnat | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 moths | conj |
| 6 | in | in | ADP | _ | 8 dark | case |
| 7 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 8 dark | det |
| 8 | dark | dark | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 catch | obl |
| 9 | by | by | SCONJ | _ | 10 shouting | mark |
| 10 | shouting | shout | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 2 catch | advcl |
| 11 | very | very | ADV | _ | 12 high | advmod |
| 12 | high | high | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 13 squeaks | amod |
| 13 | squeaks | squeak | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 shouting | obj |
| 14 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 15 listening | cc |
| 15 | listening | listen | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 10 shouting | conj |
| 16 | for | for | ADP | _ | 18 echoes | case |
| 17 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 18 echoes | det |
| 18 | echoes | echo | NOUN | Number=Plur | 15 listening | obl |
| 19 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 catch | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | catch | present | Bats | moths and gnats | the dark | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent moth=Theme | |||
| 2 | shout speech: express | gerund | Bats not said here | high squeaks | vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent squeak=Topic | ||||
| 3 | listen | gerund | Bats not said here | for the echoes | vn rummage-35.5 «NP V PP.location PP.theme»: agent=Agent for echo=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound.lesson:5.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound/5/